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Zionism: Socialist Zionism
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Jabotinsky posed the first major challenge to the dominance in mainstream Zionism of the ideology of “Labor Zionism”. Labor Zionism, which traced its roots to the Eastern European Poale Zion movement in the early 1900s, dominated all of the major institutions of Zionism and of the yishuv, the Jewish settler community in Palestine. If the Bund represented socialists who caved in to nationalism, the Labor Zionists represented nationalists who used socialist-sounding rhetoric to win supporters away from genuine socialist parties.
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[T]here were some earlier writers who advocated Zionism in one form or another. For example, in 1862 Moses Hess, a socialist who collaborated with Karl Marx in the founding of the First International, wrote a Zionist manifesto entitled Rome and Jerusalem. In it he rejected the efforts of some Jews to separate themselves from their Jewish heritage in the hopes of working as part of a common effort for the universal emancipation of all people. Instead, Hess argued that people have rights not as part of some universal moral order but, rather, as part of organic national communities. Thus, for Jews to be emancipated, they must form just such a community - a Jewish community founded upon traditional Jewish ideas and morals.
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Socialism had great impact on Zionism, and in early stages of Jewish immigration to Palestine, a large part of the immigrants were Marxists. The system of kibbutzes was formed after Socialist ideas. The kibbutzes were frequently used when Jews came to Palestine and settled, and they served as mini-states, where people could live, work, go to school and have health services. The kibbutzes were central in Jewish immigration right up until the formation of the State of Israel.
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Socialist Zionists tried to give a Marxist justification for Zionism. The Jews needed a territory of their own in which to set up a normally stratified society, where they could then engage in class struggle and ... hasten the revolution. Social experiments in cooperative agriculture led to a uniquely Zionist creation, the kibbutz (Hebrew, “collective”), which provided the political, cultural, and military backbone of the Yishuv (Hebrew, “settlement,” the Jewish community in Palestine) before the state of Israel was established and for many years thereafter.
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Socialist Zionism