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Zionism: Labor Zionism
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The new immigrants arrived with the ideals of socialist Zionism, but reality was not favorable to implementing those ideas. The Zionist movement attempted to find them work. but the new immigrants , who had no training in agriculture and poor physical stamina, were unable to compete with Arab peasants. Arabs certainly would not hire Jewish workers, who could not work well and could not speak Arabic. Arab labor was ... preferred by the plantation and vineyard owners of the first Aliya. Arabs were experienced and hard workers, and were able to work for much lower wages because they were often members of an extended family that made its main income from sharecropping. The plantation owners had also developed a superior colonialist mentality which suited the hiring of "natives," and clashed with the egalitarian ideas and social demands of the newly arrived socialists.
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Until 1977, when self-described terrorist Menachem Begin became Israel’s first Revisionist prime minister, the Labor Zionists effectively represented “Zionism” in most people’s minds. But Labor – the Zionist “left” – and the Revisionists – the Zionist “right” – differed on means, rather than ends. Both supported an exclusively Jewish state. Like apartheid South Africa’s rulers, the Revisionists were willing to employ the native Palestinian population. Labor sought to replace Palestinian workers with Jewish workers. Both looked for support from imperialism.
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Jews who embraced socialism and proletarian internationalism sometimes opposed Zionism as a form of bourgeois nationalism. The General Jewish Labor Union (Bund), which represented socialist Jews in Eastern Europe, was anti-Zionist and called for Jewish autonomy within Eastern Europe. The Communist parties, which attracted substantial Jewish support during the 1920s and 1930s, were usually anti-Zionist... while communist Jews often abandoned their connection with the religion (thereby ceasing to be Jewish) many retained an affiliation with their people and a sympathy for Zionism. In 1928, the Soviet Union established a Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the Russian Far East but the effort failed to meet expectations and as of 2002 Jews constitute only about 1.2% of its population.
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It should be noted that this secular form of Zionism is often ... referred to as Socialist Zionism or Labor Zionism because so many of the earliest Zionists intended to create a Jewish state which was socialist in nature. The Jewish community was supposed to be comprised of a collective of workers and farmers, all laboring for the benefit of Jews in society. Moreover, it was believed that the very act of communal labor would strip away the various ways in which Jews had become alienated from themselves in traditional, capitalist European society. The result would be the "natural" Jew, completely in touch with his land and his community.
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Until the 1940s only a small minority of North American Jews endorsed political Zionism. A broad spectrum of Jewish political tendencies has rejected the concept of a Jewish state in Palestine, ranging from the Jewish Labor Bund to pre-1930s Reform Judaism to the Orthodox Jews of Neturei Karta.[14]
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There are several different forms of Zionism. From the 1920s until the 1970s, the dominant form was Labor Zionism, which sought to link socialism and nationalism. By the 1920s, Labor Zionists in Palestine established the kibbutz movement (a kibbutz is a collective commune, usually with an agricultural economy), the Jewish trade union and cooperative movement, the main Zionist militias (the Haganah and Palmach) and the political parties that ultimately coalesced in the Israeli Labor Party in 1968.
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Labor Zionism