LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Zionism: Jewish People
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Zionism seeks to establish a home for the Jewish people in Eretz-Israel secured under public law [that is to seek legal permission from the Ottoman rulers for Jewish migration]. The Congress contemplates the following means to the attainment of this end:
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How did the rabbis of the time view secular Zionism? The majority of tsadikim definitely opposed it. Their view was that any movement emanating from the maskilim boded no good for the souls of the Jewish People. With this they had already had ample experience. The maskilim were not only irreligious themselves; wherever they went they drew large numbers of Jews away from Torah observance. If the maskilim were to make a Jewish state, they foresaw that it would be a spiritual disaster.
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Political Zionism, the national liberation movement of the Jewish people, emerged in the 19th century within the context of the liberal nationalism then sweeping through Europe. This era, which began with a movement in Greece to free itself from the yoke of Ottoman occupation and included national liberation movements in Ireland, Norway, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Italy and later on in the century, Turkey and India... inspired Zionist leaders, as evidenced by many references to the national struggles of other peoples in the writings of the founders of Zionism. Liberal nationalism usually aspired to two basic goals: liberation from foreign rule, (as in the case of Poland, Greece and Ireland) and national unity in countries which had been partitioned into many political entities (Italy and Germany).
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[W]hilst Israel was a universal Jewish theme, that universal Jewish theme is not the same thing as Zionism. Until the rise of Zionism, most Jews believed that the Jewish people would return to Israel with the coming of the Messiah, i.e. only after divine intervention; some proposed that Jews attempt to return earlier, by their own devices, but until the rise of Zionism in the 19th century they were in a minority.
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