LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Women in Italy: Men
built 629 days ago
Women received the right to vote in 1945, and in 1947, the Italian Constitution was approved with Article 3 recognizing equal rights for men and women. According to Article 29 of the Constitution... the need to guarantee the unity of the family justified limits to the legal and moral equality of husband and wife. It took several decades to adjust the existing legislation to the principle of equal rights and to change traditional views about the role and position of women. Until 1968, adultery was considered a crime for women, whereas men could be punished for adultery only in special circumstances. Other discriminatory conditions deriving from the male position as head of the family survived until the general revision of family legislation in 1975. The new law, based on the principle of male-female equality and on the recognition of the rights of children, abolished the position of the head of the family, and attributes equal rights and duties to husband and wife in terms of residence, work, education of the children, etc.
Source:
In addition to these national contacts, women in the Italian revolution built an international network of political allies involved first in unification and later in women's issues. For instance, the Ashurst family, Mazzini's “second family” in England, developed lasting ties with the Italian movement. In the 1870s, Caroline Ashurst Biggs edited The Englishwoman's Review, which occasionally excerpted articles from Italian women's periodicals or published items on the status of Italian women. The Ashurst family worked with the Nathans to help Mazzini and to support Josephine Butler's International Federation for the Abolition of State Regulation of Vice. Here as elsewhere men joined women in their struggle for national liberation and women's rights.
Source:
Speaking to a group of women in Italy, Gandhi apparently said “The beauty of non-violent war is that women can play the same part in it as men. In a violent war women have no such privilege.” That was true, of course, in India’s struggle for independence. Indian women played a large role in Gandhi’s fight for freedom, there were many women in all his campaigns. It was a non-violent movement, that made it easier for women to participate equally, and walk shoulder-to-shoulder with their male counterparts. You had to be brave, to face the lathis and batons, but you did not need the muscles to hit back.
Source:
Since this period, new ideals of independence and autonomy have created a trend of growing participation of women in the labor market. Nevertheless, in the 1990s, the female activity rate is still much lower than that of men, while, partly because of protectionist measures, female unemployment is higher. In addition, women are over-represented on the “black” labor market, where wages are lower, working conditions worse, and social benefits and job security non-existent.
Source:
A female lawyer in Basra contacted by the BBC by phone from London, who asked not to be named for fear of reprisals, said attacks on women in the city were occurring "every two or three days". She told the BBC about a university student who had been shot in the legs for not wearing an Islamic headscarf, or hijab. The lawyer ... said that graffiti was painted on walls warning women to cover their heads or "be punished". She said she had been told by a group of men that she should be at home and get married instead of working.
Source:
[I]t is clear that the political revolution in Italy extended women's traditional roles into the public sphere and exposed women to a variety of radical political activities. The revolution affected more than the power relationships between Austria and Sardinia or between religious and secular authorities. Power relationships within the family were ... challenged; class relationships were scrutinized in some circles; the power of the Church, which opposed unification, was openly defied; and for some, to submit to oppression of any kind became intolerable. Many women looked forward to wider roles as citizens and mothers working with men to forge a new Italy.
Source:
MORE ABOUT
Men