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Women in Italy: Families
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In 1874, Beccari's annual tribute to Cairoli stressed yet another aspect of citizen motherhood and revealed that women's goals in the revolution looked not only outward to political life, but inward to the family. Beccari wrote of the joys and humiliations women shared in their maternal roles. She observed that mothers of all classes would give their lives for their children, and for the dreams they had for them. But women received little return for these great outpourings of love. Children sent to elementary school soon scorned uneducated mothers; sons once doted upon soon emulated authoritarian husbands. Women bound themselves in a role that too often became their only identity.
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Italy imports trafficked women from four major areas: Albania, Nigeria, Ukrain, Serbia, Columbia, and Peru. (Table 3) Entry into Italy is usually legal on a tourist or entertainment visa. Friends and relatives usually recruit Albanians informally. Well-known smuggling routes from Albania to Italy are used to transport the women to Italy. Trafficking from Nigeria seems to be especially well organized, and centers around a female figure called "Mama" who plays a key role in persuading young women to leave their homes for Italy. Recruitment is achieved by means of deception, physical threats or payments made to the women's families.
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Women often experienced a continuity of revolutionary and domestic roles as daughters, wives, and mothers of patriots. Some women were more influenced by their fathers, others by their mothers. Beccari and Folliero, for example, were raised in politicized families. Other women, like the Mazzinians Sara Nathan and Carlotta Benettini, entered the nationalist movement on their own initiatives, becoming themselves parents who saw their political ideals mold the thought and action of their children. Mazzini traced his own political socialization to his mother's republicanism.
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Women in Italy don't change their names when they marry. In the US this is the norm; most women when they marry change their surname to their husband's, and there are simple, routine procedures in place for them to do so. It's so usual that Americans are confused if you don't do it. Years ago I asked the Adaptec travel service to reserve airline tickets for myself and my family, and ended up with tickets for "Mr. and Mrs. Straughan."
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[U]seful gendered experiences of cultural alienation may be for women settling into culturally alien landscapes, concepts such as cultural integration, assimilation, or adaptation must be approached carefully and with great consciousness. They are easily manipulated to support racist positions which deny non-White ethnic groups their right to linguistic and cultural integrity and identity. For example, the dominant stereotype of Turkish women in Germany is that they have no other wish than to be as 'free and liberated' as German women. Interviews with young Turkish women in Germany indicate a wide range of interpretations of their transcultural experiences. Some second and third generation Turkish women see their difficulties as primarily originating in familial, rather than cultural, conflicts. Problems arising from moving away from their parental home are believed by some Turkish young women to be similar to those experienced by any German adolescent.
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The position of women with dependent status can be very unstable due to the lack of individual rights. As they have joined their husbands under the provision of family reunion, their legal position and residence permit is totally dependent on their husband’s status and because of this they have derived rights. This is a very precarious situation, as it means that in case of separation, divorce or the death of their husband, they may be expelled with little opportunity of obtaining individual rights as the legal process could take from one to four years. The immigration policy of EU Member States is often based on the stereotypical assumption that migrant women are not autonomous individuals, but “appendages” of their husbands or fathers and for this reason their own legal identity is not considered a priority. These women, who are both socially isolated and financially dependent often have to endure difficult situations, for example:
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