LYCOS RETRIEVER
Women in Italy: Education
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The most striking difference between attitudes governing the education of women during this period occurs in respect to higher education. Women in Italy differed markedly from their English cousins in that they were occasionally able to pursue a university education. The University of Bologna allowed women to attend lectures, albeit in a limited capacity, beginning at the university s founding in 1088. Bettina Gozzadini received a doctorate there in 1237. In the mid-Quattrocento
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Women's literacy improved as teacher-training programs for the elementary schools spread in the 1880s. Women's other opportunities for secondary education, severely limited in the 1860s and 1870s, increased dramatically in the 1880s. In 1883 boys' technical and college preparatory schools (ginnasi and licei) were legally opened to women, partly because so many girls were already attending.
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In this context, the promotion and support of Black, ethnic minority and migrant women in decision-making positions in the public services should be a real priority. Such bodies have a direct impact on the everyday life of women in important areas such as health, housing and education.
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Historical inquiry focused on the education of women in Europe has been limited. Prior to the increase of attention to social issues during the 1960s, the subject of women in history received little attention beyond attempts to document exceptional women.
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It is under these conditions that women acted to take control of their lives and to increase their influence on women's condition. Women teachers trained women students, and education represented a women's victory. Women joined teachers' associations to work for better wages and conditions, and to be heard in the debate on the nature of girls' education. Teaching opened avenues of social mobility to artisan women and became women's most important profession (in Italy, as in France, nursing remained dominated by nuns). In the north, especially, teaching became a viable career, providing a living wage. Women used their financial independence as a basis for activism.
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