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Weimar Republic: German Bolsheviks
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The Weimar Republic was the government that preceded the Nazi government. The birth of this government was at the defeat end of the First World War. After four long years of devastating warfare, the new government was left with the unhappy task and responsibility of peace negotiations. The Republic was forced to sign a treaty that placed the blame of the way solely on the shoulders of the distraught Germans. It was then the burdened government began its falter.
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The Weimar Republic was a turbulent and fateful time in German history. Characterized by economic and political instability, polarization, and radicalism, the period witnessed the efforts of many German writers to play a leading political role, whether directly, in the chaotic years of 1918-1919, or indirectly, through their works. The novelists chosen range from such now-canonical authors as Alfred Döblin, Hermann Hesse, and Heinrich Mann to bestselling writers of the time such as Erich Maria Remarque, B. Traven, Vicki Baum, and Hans Fallada. They ... span the political spectrum, from the right-wing Ernst Jünger to pacifists such as Remarque. The journalistic engagement of Joseph Roth, otherwise well known as a novelist, and of the recently rediscovered writer Gabriele Tergit is also represented.
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In the creatively changed atmosphere of Weimar Republic, where national censorship was abolished in early 1919 by the Council of People’s Representatives, the new freedom of expression manifested itself most immediately in a series of pornographic films. The only significant effect of these films was to agitate anti-Semitist sentiments against their supposedly Jewish producers and to cause the National Assembly to reinstitute state censorship through the Reich Film Act in May 1920. It was this act which would later enable the Nazis to assert ideological control over the German cinema.
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The Weimar Republic was weak from the start. Many important Germans remained loyal to the empire. German army officers claimed that Germany had been defeated by the revolution, not by Allied armies. The terms of the Treaty of Versailles were harsher than the Germans had expected.
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Throughout these years (1920-1929), the Weimar Republic had to deal with many problems arising from the imposition of the Treaty of Versailles upon Germany. The first big problem was the payment of reparations. The second was the restoration of big-power status for Germany.
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"Born out of national defeat in 1918, the Weimar Republic launched Germany on an experiment in modernity under the least propitious circumstances. In an outstanding scholarly study that is likely to spark controversy, late German historian Peukert claims that the distinctive national characteristics of German history and of Weimar do not all point in a direct line to the Nazi seizure of power in 1933. Weimar's fragile attempt at democracy, he contends, was destroyed by a steady retreat from political compromise and by a continuous shrinking of the material and economic base, which prevented the liberal government, with its welfare structure, from gaining real legitimacy in the eyes of the German people. Interpreting Weimar as a brief, headlong tour of the fateful choices made possible by the modern world, this rigorous history explores the paradox of a society that spawned avant-garde cultural breakthroughs amid bleak poverty and political breakdown."—Publishers Weekly
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German Bolsheviks