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War Propaganda: World War
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Despite the manifestation of technological breakthroughs during the beginning of the First World War, governments had few mass media options that could be used for their propaganda campaigns. Radio had yet to become a popular household item, and the purchase cost of newspapers limited its potential audience. Ultimately, the poster--an artistic-based mass media format that contained visual images with accompanying text--remained a viable option for government-based propaganda campaigns. Posters were inexpensive and did not require intricate technology to be created and produced in mass quantities. They were ... easy to display, and could be placed in public areas to maximize their potential audience. Perhaps most importantly, the poster's combination of pictures and text provided a fertile breeding ground for propaganda ideas.
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Propaganda during war is usually carried out in conjunction with a comprehensive attempt to censor dissenting opinion. For example, during the Second World War, the U.S. public was bombarded with pro-war messages through posters, newsreels, and photographs in the press. "The newspapers and magazines were supplied with thousands of photographs from war correspondents and combat photographers, but before reaching the press these were vetted by a process of censorship which filtered out photographs of a wide variety of 'unsuitable' topics. It was this process which transformed the documentary evidence into propaganda" (111). It was widely regarded as the responsibility of the press to support the war effort "rather than report it accurately."
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The United States and the Soviet Union both used propaganda extensively during the Cold War. Both sides used film, television, and radio programming to influence their own citizens, each other, and Third World nations. The United States Information Agency operated the Voice of America as an official government station. Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, which were in part supported by the Central Intelligence Agency, provided grey propaganda in news and entertainment programs to Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union respectively. The Soviet Union's official government station, Radio Moscow, broadcast white propaganda, while Radio Peace and Freedom broadcast grey propaganda. Both sides ... broadcast black propaganda programs in periods of special crises.
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In the First World War propaganda was used extensively by all belligerents. Although graphic art and, increasingly, motion pictures probably had greater impact, huge numbers of war photographs were exhibited and published. However, the war's greatest contribution to the history of propaganda was the emergence of large organizations with the task of bombarding soldiers, civilians, the enemy, and neutrals with carefully designed, emotive messages over long periods of time. Government-sponsored mass communication, using sophisticated methods, was to play a major role in left-and right-wing dictatorships, and the war efforts of democratic states, over the next several decades.
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Calling America: Axis WWII Radio Propaganda [Sound recording]Contains German and Italian World War II propaganda radio broadcasts. Contents: Station D.E.B.U.N.K. (1:17) -- Robert H. Best 420909 (4:10) -- Butchers / Ezra Pound (0:27) -- Paul Revere (Douglas Chandler) 410909 (15:16) -- Midge at the mike (Mildred Gillars AKA Axis Sally) 430518 (11:19) -- Power / Ezra Pound (12:50) -- Vision of invasion (infamous D-Day fantasy) 440511 / Axis Sally (22:17) -- Ezra Pound speakin' (0:02). 67 min. Sound/D 210
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In virtually all media propaganda meant to lead to war or intervention, atrocities are an essential element. Atrocities are essential to create an imperative for intervention. During World War I, British, French, and US propaganda relied on a single theme, German or "Hun atrocities". German soldiers were accused of bayoneting Belgian infants, chopping off the limbs of children and eating them, raping Belgian girls, shooting children and executing hostages and committing massacres. Before the German invasion of Poland in l939, the regime exhibited through the media examples of alleged Polish atrocities against the German minority. Indeed, the Germans even manufactured and staged an atrocity, "Operation Himmler", a supposed Polish attack on a German radio station in Gleiwitz in 1939 to justify the German invasion of Poland. Before the US attack on Iraq in 1991, the US manufactured a bogus atrocity to incite popular support for intervention.
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