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War Propaganda: People
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During the Vietnam War, the U.S. propaganda system did its job partially but not entirely. Among educated people it worked very well. Studies show that among the more educated parts of the population, the government’s propaganda about the war is now accepted unquestioningly. One reason that propaganda often works better on the educated than on the uneducated is that educated people read more, so they receive more propaganda. Another is that they have jobs in management, media, and academia and therefore work in some capacity as agents of the propaganda system — and they believe what the system expects them to believe. By and large, they’re part of the privileged elite, and share the interests and perceptions of those in power.
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War propaganda is that branch of public relations devoted to manipulating people's attitude toward a war or war in general, rather than engaging in open dialogue. It includes both pro-war propaganda, by governments and war industrialists, and anti-war propaganda by pacifists or enemy sympathizers. What makes it propaganda isn't the sincerity or insincerity of its originators but its methods of media manipulation, going beyond lies to misdirection, loaded vocabulary, staged events, and fallacious demagoguery, all of which can be justified/rationalized by a 'good' cause, whether patriotic or idealistic.
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"Wartime propaganda attempts to make people adjust to abnormal conditions, and adapt their priorities and moral standards to accommodate the needs of war. To achieve this, propagandists have often represented warfare by using conventional visual codes already established in mass culture. Thus, recruitment posters have often been designed to look like advertisements or movie posters" (Clark 103).
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Propaganda is ... one of the methods used in psychological warfare, which may also involve false flag operations. The term propaganda may also refer to false information meant to reinforce the mindsets of people who already believe as the propagandist wishes. The assumption is that, if people believe something false, they will constantly be assailed by doubts. Since these doubts are unpleasant (see cognitive dissonance), people will be eager to have them extinguished, and are therefore receptive to the reassurances of those in power. For this reason propaganda is often addressed to people who are already sympathetic to the agenda. This process of reinforcement uses an individual's predisposition to self-select "agreeable" information sources as a mechanism for maintaining control.
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Propaganda in the War was a means to an end, and the end wvas the struggle for the existence of the German people; consequently, propaganda could only be considered in accordance with the principles that were valid for this struggle. In this case the most cruel weapons were humane if they brought about a quicker victory; and only those methods were beautiful which helped the nation to safeguard the dignity of its freedom.
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Verbal aggression, words used to stir emotions (anger, resentment, disgust, fear) to incite people to hate others and to seek revenge, is often the most intense form of war propaganda. In war, expect intense: "name-calling" (invectives, attack words) and images associating or depicting the enemy either as diabolical or inhuman - a savage, animal, monster; "horror stories" (narratives - including rumors, books, movies) and "atrocity pictures" - nonverbal images showing the enemy's evil deeds, atrocities, and bloody victims.<> In war, [A]ll armies kill people, destroy, and commit some atrocities. But, people tend to have "double standards," to believe the worst about their enemies - even a "big lie," if repeated often. <> Everyone has predictable fears: e.g. about death, destruction, loss of possessions, freedom, territory; humiliation and injustice. <> Persuaders, on either side, can intensify such fears in order to excite, bond, and direct their own group to an action response (fight, work, revenge).<> Urgency and danger are intensified by warnings using the language of extremes, absolutes, "ultimates" (Doomsday, Armageddon, Mass Destruction, Slavery). The greater the threat, the greater is the need for a war, or a higher military budget.
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