LYCOS RETRIEVER 
War Powers Resolution: President Carter
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Presidents have submitted over 50 reports under the War Powers Resolution. Of these, President Ford submitted four, President Carter one, President Reagan fourteen, President Bush seven, and President Clinton 25. Following is a summary of reports submitted by President Clinton in 1995 and 1996. For a summary of the earlier reports submitted by Presidents Ford through Clinton, and instances not reported, see CRS Report 96-476 F, The War Powers Resolution: Twenty-Two Years of Experience.
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In contrast, many countries which have adopted separation of powers (especially in Latin America) have suffered from instability (coups d'etat, military dictatorships, civil war and unrest, etc). If the separated executive is granted strong powers, it may well encourage instability, because it is less consensus-oriented than a parliamentary system, and because it inures the population and political elite to a the influence of a dominant leader. In times of instability, competing political groups can become obsessed with controlling the executive office, and it is often the loss of a presidential election which triggers greater instability. In a presidential system, there can only be one winning party, and all others fail entirely to gain power. In contrast, a parliamentary system can allow all political groups to have some share in control of the executive by participating in a coalition.
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The president has already shown respect for the War Powers Resolution by asking for the consent of Congress before ordering U.S. military troops into Afghanistan, a constitutionally mandated step that his most recent predecessors ignored. The Joint Resolution adopted by Congress and signed into law by the president last year provides the president with statutory authorization to use all necessary and appropriate force against those responsible for the September 11 atrocities. This includes authority to prevent future attacks by responding with force against any nations, organizations or persons responsible for planning, authorizing, aiding or harboring the terrorists who were responsible.
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Since 1973, Congress has created a vast progeny of the War Powers Resolution. Such constraints on presidential powers over foreign policy include the Hughes-Ryan Amendment of 1974, the Clark Amendment of 1976, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. ofi.19789 and,five Boland Amendments between 1982 and 19
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Advocates of unilateral executive authority ... bring a so-called originalist understanding to the War Powers Clause. They argue that the American concept of executive war powers was formed largely by the British experience, despite the historical fact that the colonies’ revolt from Britain was partly a reaction to the Crown’s excessive executive power. In reality the president’s role as commander in chief was intended to institutionalize civilian control over the military; absent an immediate threat, the president may only execute Congress’s decision to initiate war.
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As you know, the War Powers Act contains three basic requirements. First, it requires regular consultation with Congress whenever military action is contemplated. 50 U.S.C. §1542. Second, the Act requires the President to file a report within 48 hours of when armed forces are introduced "into hostilities or into situations where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstance." 50 U.S.C.
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