LYCOS RETRIEVER 
War of 1812: Native Americans
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The strongest agitation for war came from the frontier regions of the United States. Western and southern representatives in Congress, most notably Henry Clay of Kentucky and John Caldwell Calhoun of South Carolina, led a pro-war faction that became known as the War Hawks. They believed, with some justification, that British officers in Canada were encouraging Native American peoples to rebel against the United States. For 20 years, frontiersmen had fought interior tribes with little help from the federal government. The War Hawks now felt they could enlist federal aid against Native Americans and their British allies by supporting a war to stop British interference with American trade on the seas. In addition, the War Hawks wanted to promote the further expansion of the United States, especially through Canada and Spanish-held Florida, which depended upon British protection.
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Following the Civil War, the growth of industry in the United States was tremendous, and much of this was made possible with inventions by ethnic minorities. By 1913 over 1,000 inventions were patented by black Americans. Among the most notable inventors were Jan Matzeliger, who developed the first machine to mass-produce shoes, and Elijah McCoy, who invented automatic lubrication devices for steam engines. Granville Woods had 35 patents to improve electric railway systems, including the first system to allow moving trains to communicate. He even sued Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Edison for stealing his patents and won both cases. Garrett Morgan developed the first automatic traffic signal and gas mask.
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A man accused of being a Nazi concentration camp guard during World War II says he should not be deported because he could face torture in his native Ukraine. The US first tried to deport Demjanjuk in 1977, accusing him of being a notorious guard known as Ivan the Terrible at the Treblinka. Demjanjuk was extradited to Israel, convicted and sentenced to hang. But Court found that someone else was that guard. Demjanjuk returned home and his citizenship was restored. The current case, which led courts to again strip his citizenship, is based on evidence alleging he was a different guard.
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The conduct of the war in 1812 and 1813 revealed deficiencies in the administration of the War Department that would plague the American cause to the end. In early 1813 Madison replaced his incompetent Secretary of War William Eustis with John Armstrong, who instituted a reorganization that eventually resulted in the substitution of younger, more aggressive field commanders for the aged veterans of the Revolution. Congress then authorized an expansion of the Army staff to help the Secretary manage the war. In March it re-created the offices of Adjutant General, Inspector General, Surgeon, and Apothecary General and assigned eight topographical Engineers to the staff.
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Although impressment aroused the most resentment, the United States ... suffered serious financial losses during these years of European warfare. The United States had to continue commercial relations with both France and Britain in order to remain prosperous, yet an American ship trading with either one of the two nations could be seized by the other. To hurt England’s economy, Napoleon had initiated the Continental System, a series of blockades in which the French confiscated vessels and cargoes in European ports if they had first stopped in Britain. The British government retaliated by issuing orders to blockade the coastlines of Napoleon’s empire and seize vessels bound for Europe that did not first call at a British port. Neither power had sufficient naval forces to close every major harbor, so the blockades were mainly used to capture ships belonging to neutrals like the United States that were rather weak militarily. Together, these warring nations seized nearly 1500 American vessels between 1803 and 1812. Because the British dominated the seas after they defeated the French at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, they stopped more ships than the French.
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Most research on the American Revolution and the War of 1812 will be done in published resources in the Library. Included are general histories on each war, military unit histories, lists of soldiers, pension indexes and rolls of honor. Many veterans of these two wars migrated west, with the benefit of bounty land warrants. The Society maintains many resources for locating land transactions and migratory patterns.
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