LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Vietnam: South China
built 630 days ago
The other way to get into Vietnam is by land , from China, Laos and Cambodia but the visas must be indicated clearly by Vietnamese Embassies with one or two of the below entry points. Tourists can pass the border at the following entry points:
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By the time Vietnam achieved independence from China in the 10th century, Buddhism had been an integral part of the cultural landscape for over 800 years. The first emperor of independent Vietnam, Dinh Bo Linh, put together a system of hierarchical ranks for government officials, Buddhist monks, and Taoist priests after ascending to power in 968. Thereafter, Buddhist monks were part of the national administration, serving the ruler as advisers, rallying the people in times of crisis, and attending to the spiritual needs of the masses. The Lý dynasty (1010-1225) was more stable and long-lived than the Dinh and Lê dynasties that preceded it. This dynasty was willing to take in many elements in its task of constructing a national culture and identity, and so many elements of Chinese, Indian, and Cham culture were included, and many schools of Buddhism were able to exist side by side and compete in an open religious marketplace, further facilitating the intermingling of MahÄyÄna and TheravÄda forms. Archeological evidence ... indicates that tantric Buddhism had also made its way into Vietnam during this time (stelae with mantras incribed on them have been discovered). During this time, Buddhism also became more widely disseminated among the common people, as monks came into villages and ‘converted’ local deities, ancestors, and culture heroes to the religion and declared them now ‘protectors of the Dharma’.
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The Vietnam War pitted America against communism and was a classic example of Cold War conflict. The western allies had been victorious in Berlin, but communism had taken root in China. Eastern Europe remained under Russian control and in Vietnam the American feared threat of the spread communism seemed to be real.
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Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia ... heightened tensions that already existed between Vietnam and China. Beijing, which had long backed the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia, retaliated in early 1979 by initiating a border war with Vietnam.
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Not only the timing but the scale of the offensive came as a complete surprise, taking in cities, towns, and military installations in South Vietnam. While the "Tet Offensive" ultimately ended in military defeat for the communists, it was propaganda victory. US military planners began to question if a decisive victory could ever be achieved and the offensive stimulated the US public opposition to the war. For Australian troops, the effects of the offensive were felt around their base at Nui Dat, where a Viet Cong attack on targets around Baria, the provincial capital, was repulsed with few casualties.
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France refused to recognise the Democratic Republic of Vietnam that had been declared by Ho Chi Minh and fighting soon broke out between the Vietminh and the French troops. At first, the Vietminh under General Vo Nguyen Giap, had great difficulty in coping with the better trained and equipped French forces. The situation improved in 1949 after Mao Zedong and his communist army defeated Chaing Kai-Shek in China. The Vietminh now had a safe-base where they could take their wounded and train new soldiers.
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