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Ulysses
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Though always called Ulysses, Grant was baptized Hiram Ulysses. When registering at West Point, he transposed the two given names to avoid having the initials H.U.G. But the congressman who had obtained his appointment had misstated his name as Ulysses Simpson, and, since the academy refused to correct it, so it remained. Classmates called him Sam, because the new initials, U.S., were seen to stand for Uncle Sam. Later in his career they came to stand for “Unconditional Surrender.â€
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Ulysses is one of the most influential novels of the twentieth century. It was not easy to find a publisher in America willing to take it on, and when Jane Jeap and Margaret Anderson started printing extracts from the book in their literary magazine The Little Review in 1918, they were arrested and charged with publishing obscenity. They were fined $100, and even The New York Times expressed satisfaction with their conviction. Ulysses was not published in book form until 1922, when another American woman, Sylvia Beach, published it in Paris through her legendary Shakespeare & Company. Ulysses was not available legally in any English-speaking country until 1934, when Random House successfully defended Joyce against obscenity charges and published it in the Modern Library. This edition follows the complete and unabridged text as corrected and reset in 1961.
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The Ulysses solar X-ray and cosmic gamma-ray burst experiment (GRB) has 3 main objectives: study and monitor solar flares, detect and localize cosmic gamma-ray bursts, and in-situ detection of Jovian aurorae. Ulysses is the first satellite carrying a gamma burst detector which went outside the orbit of Mars. This results in a triangulation baseline of unprecedented length... allowing major improvements in burst localization accuracy. The instrument was turned on 9 November 1990. GRB consists of 2 CsI scintillators (called the Hard X-ray detectors)and 2 Si surface barrier detectors (called the Soft X-ray detectors). The detectors are mounted on a ~3-m boom to reduce background generated by the spacecraft's radioisotope thermoelectric generator.
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It was the "f"-word that caused the film Ulysses so much trouble, as it had Joyce's novel. In New Zealand, for example, the film was allowed to be shown, but only to sex-segregated audiences.
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In October 1990, three weeks after the launch of Ulysses, the Dust Detection System began its ongoing mission to directly measure the dust environment of the inner solar system, from Venus to Jupiter, and particularly at high solar latitudes. UDDS works by detecting the charged plasma that results when a dust particle impacts the instrument at hypervelocites. From these measurements, particle mass, speed and direction can be constrained. UDDS can identify particles having masses between 10-16g and 10-6g traveling at relative speeds of up to 70 km/s. GDDS has detected interplanetary dust from asteroids and comets, interstellar dust, and streams of dust originating from Io volcanic activity.
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Versions of Ulysses would pass through numerous hands before the first edition of 1922. During this period, Joyce embroidered continuously on the Odyssean theme, with textual discrepancies increasing as he added to various circulating copies. Compounded by unauthorized cuts, bowdlerizations, and pirated versions, Ulysses' convoluted publication history eventually obscured the author's intent: no definitive version of the text exists. The textual complexities have fueled a vast amount of scholarship. Joyce joked that Ulysses should "give Universities something to work on well into the next century." With the 1992 copyright expiration, there has been yet another explosion in Joycean scholarship and controversy.
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