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Turkey: Turkish Republic
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Turkey has faced important educational challenges, with great number of students and teachers, great land area, a very large educational system, and poor economic conditions at the beginning of this century. Students and teachers constitute around 30% of the Turkish population. Under these conditions, providing high quality and cost-effective education and training has become critical,. Turkey’s educators and policy makers have tried to overcome these challenges by developing new approaches in education. In these contexts, ICT is such a new approach as enhancing the dissemination of information and meeting these challenges. Distance education, Internet, computers and CAI are very important alternatives to help solve Turkey’s educational and instructional challenges.
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Turkey was formally proclaimed a republic in Oct., 1923, with Kemal as its first president; he was reelected in 1927, 1931, and 1935. The caliphate was abolished in 1924, and in the same year a constitution was promulgated that provided for a parliament elected by universal manhood suffrage (extended to women in 1934), and for a cabinet responsible to parliament. However, Kemal governed as a virtual dictator, and his Republican People's party was the only legal party, except for brief periods. During the 14 years of Kemal's rule, Turkey underwent a great transformation, which changed the religious, social, and cultural bases of Turkish society as well as its political and economic structure.
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Turkey's flag was adopted on June 5, 1936. It has a red field with a white crescent and a white star off center, slightly towards the hoist side (the side by the flagpole). The left-hand point of the five-pointed star touches the midpoint of the (invisible) line between the two horns of the crescent. The height of this flag is two-thirds the width. The Turkish flag is called "ay yildiz" (moon star).
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Parallel to the international trend of the increasing importance of ICT in education worldwide, Turkey started ICT-related initiatives as early as 1984. There have been some projects going on related with integration of ICT in Turkey’s educational system (Goktas, Yildirim, and Yildirim, 2006a). MoNE aims to integrate ICT into the Turkish education system via certain policies and development strategies in order to keep pace with the information age, and become a society focus on information and technology. In this sense, MoNE (2005) promoted the following goals:
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In 1954 Turkey signed the 1953 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, henceforth the Convention. The Convention has the force of law in Turkish domestic law under Article 90 of the Turkish Constitution. The signatories (High Contracting Parties) to the Convention pledge to uphold a host of fundamental rights enshrined in the document, including the right to life (Article 2), free expression (Article 10), the right not to be subjected to torture (Article 3), the right to a fair trial (Article 6), and the right to an effective legal remedy before a national authority if rights in the Convention are violated (Article 13). In early 1987, Turkey ratified Article 25 of the Convention, the right of individual petition to the European Commission of Human Rights of the Council of Europe, henceforth the Commission.
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