LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Tunisia: United States
built 234 days ago
In 1942 – 1943 Tunisia was the scene of the first major operations by the Allied Forces (the British Commonwealth and the United States) against the Axis Powers (Italy and Germany)during World War II. The main body of the British army, advancing from their victory in Battle of el-Alamein under the command of British Field Marshal Montgomery, pushed into Tunisia from the south. The US and other allies, following their invasions of Algeria and Morocco in Operation Torch, invaded from the west.
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Tunisia is in the process of economic reform and liberalization after decades of heavy state direction and participation in the economy. Prudent economic and fiscal planning have resulted in moderate sustained growth for over a decade. Tunisia's economic growth historically has depended on oil, phosphates, agriculture, and tourism.
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Tunisia signed the CRC in 1990 and ratified it in 1992 with a number of declarations and reservations. The first general declaration submitted by Tunisia states that it shall not adopt any legislation in conflict with the Tunisian Constitution in the implementation of the Convention. A further declaration states that implementation of the provisions of the CRC shall be limited by the means at Tunisia’s disposal. The final declaration states that the Preamble to and provisions of the Convention (particularly Article 6) "shall not be interpreted in such a way as to impede the application of Tunisian legislation concerning voluntary termination of pregnancy". Tunisia ... submitted the following reservations: Article 2 of the CRC "may not impede the implementation of the provisions of its national legislation concerning personal status, particularly in relation to marriage and inheritance rights"; Article 40(2)(b)(v) on the review of judgements applying penal sanctions to minors is to be regarded as a general principle to which exceptions may be made by national legislation; and Article 7 of the CRC "cannot be interpreted as prohibiting the implementation of the provisions of national legislation relating to nationality and, in particular, to cases in which it is forfeited".
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The fighting in Tunisia underlined both the strengths and weaknesses of the Western Alliance and the United States Army. On the political level the successful conclusion of the Tunisia Campaign left one Allied problem unsolved: factionalism among the French. Followers of Generals de Gaulle and Giraud were still unable to unite in a common cause. In the victory parade in Tunis on 20 May Gaullist troops refused to march with those loyal to Giraud. Until some basis for political cooperation was found, the French would likely remain unable to make more of a military contribution to Allied operations than their two-division XIX Corps. But that was perhaps not so bleak a prospect when considered against enemy losses in Tunisia: nearly 200,000 battle casualties (an entire field army), 275,000 prisoners of war, tons of equipment and supplies, and the mortal wounding of Italy as an Axis partner.
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Since the 1990s, women's political rights and participation in Tunisia's formal political sphere have expanded, along with a growth in women's rights organizations. Nevertheless, the authoritarian Tunisian state circumscribes the political rights of all Tunisians... reducing the overall impact of women's advancement and their freedom to exercise their rights. Global human rights monitors have released numerous reports on Tunisia over the past 15 years, criticizing the state's record of violations of freedom of speech, due process, and civil liberties. Human rights activists, journalists, lawyers, and independent women activists face great difficulties in their efforts to work openly for democratic freedoms in Tunisia.
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The Government of Tunisia is beginning to take a more proactive stance on intellectual property rights (IPR) enforcement and education. Tunisia's recent intellectual property rights law is designed to meet WTO TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property) minimum standards and there is on-going collaboration between the United States and Tunisian governments to promote public awareness of these rights.
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