LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Transmission Control Protocol: Data
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LLC (Logical Link Control) 802.2 - An Ethernet-based protocol developed for data-link-level transmission control. The upper sublayer of the IEEE Layer2 (OSI) protocol complements the MAC protocol, includes end-system addressing and error checking, and provides a common access control standard. 802.2 governs the assembly of data packets and their exchange between data stations independent of how the packets are transmitted on the LAN.
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For this protocol, late data choice (LDC)] has been proposed to allow adaptive applications control over data packets up to the actual transmission time. A transport protocol that adds congestion control to an otherwise UDP-like behaviour is DCCP.
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TCP is intended for use as a highly reliable transport Protocol between hosts in packet-switched computer communication Networks, and in interconnected systems of such Networks. TCP is a flow-controlled, connection-oriented, end-to-end reliable Protocol designed to fit into a layered hierarchy of Protocols supporting multi-network applications. TCP provides for reliable interprocess communications between pairs of processes in host computers attached to distinct but interconnected computer communication Networks. Very few assumptions are made as to the reliability of the communication Protocols below the TCP layer. TCP assumes it can obtain a simple, potentially unreliable, datagram service from the lower level Protocols, usually IP. TCP is able to operate above a wide spectrum of communication systems, ranging from hard-wired connections to packet-switched or circuit-switched networks.
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TCP uses a sliding window flow control protocol. In each TCP segment, the receiver specifies in the receive window field the amount of additional received data (in bytes) that it is willing to buffer for the connection. The sending host can send only up to that amount of data before it must wait for an acknowledgment and window update from the receiving host.
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TCP is known as a connection-oriented protocol. In other words, before two programs can begin to exchange data they must establish a "connection" with each other. This is done with a three-way handshake in which both sides exchange packets and establish the initial packet sequence numbers (the sequence number is important because, as mentioned above, datagrams can arrive out of order; this number is used to ensure that data is received in the order that it was sent). When establishing a connection, one program must assume the role of the client, and the other the server. The client is responsible for initiating the connection, while the server's responsibility is to wait, listen and respond to incoming connections. Once the connection has been established, both sides may send and receive data until the connection is closed.
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The sequence number identifies the order of the bytes sent from each computer so that the data can be transferred reliably and in order, regardless of any fragmentation, disordering, or packet loss that occurs during transmission. For every byte transmitted the sequence number must be incremented. In the first two steps of the 3-way handshaking, both computers exchange an initial sequence number (ISN). This number can be arbitrary, and should in fact be unpredictable, in order to avoid a TCP Sequence Prediction Attack.
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