LYCOS RETRIEVER 
The Penguins: Antarctica
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There are many different cousins - 17 species of penguins in the Southern hemisphere. Most live in the sub-Antarctic islands, on the Southern coasts of Australia, New Zealand, Southern Africa, and Southern America. They are spread from Antarctica to the Galapagos.
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The 20-day South America Explorer and Antarctic Experience itinerary on Amsterdam sails between Rio de Janeiro and Valparaiso, Chile, and ... features three days of scenic cruising in Antarctica where colossal glaciers adorned with penguins welcome the ship. The remote continent's pristine beauty and diverse sea life is showcased as Amsterdam sails to Deception Island where guests are treated to a once-in-a-lifetime experience when the ship glides into the caldera of the island's unique horseshoe-shaped volcano.
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The Emperor penguins, having traveled up to a 100 miles over the ice to get there, begin arriving at the breeding grounds in March (autumn in Antarctica). They remain at the rookery ( or breeding grounds) without returning to the sea to eat, throughout the courtship and mating.
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Penguins often are referred to as "flippered flyers" due to their effortless movement through the water and their possible evolution from gull-like birds. Its believed that 40-50 million years ago, while Antarctica breaking away form Gondwanaland, penguins ... were separating to form their own species. Originally, indigenous to warmer climates, penguins adapted to the cold as Antarctica made its move southward.
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![[WaterPenguins.jpg] An incredible picture of flying penguins ! Well, actually they are just emperor penguins underwater. I took about 4 rolls of pictures in order to have barely 2 or 3 decent pictures, and I froze my hands big time. I put my camera in a homemade plastic bag with a piece of glass up front and held it underwater while laying on sea-ice. After this experience I designed an infrared trigger that'd work underwater and fixed the camera on a pole.](http://retrieverimages.lycos.com/images/t/h/e/the-penguins/i/013.jpg)
The Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) is the most common of all penguins in Antarctica. They nest near the shore in groups of 6 to 100s called rookeries. There are tens of thousands of them in the vicinity of
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Potentially the greatest threat to the survival of the penguins is global warming. Penguins are very sensitive to temperature change. On one island the number of breeding Rockhopper penguins has dropped from 1.7 million to 100,000 since the 1940s. This is believed to be caused by the warming of the local waters. Global warming may ... have a hand in the steep drop in the numbers of Adelie penguins. The brave Emperors of Antarctica may be the most at risk, as an early thaw could spell disaster for hatchlings.
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