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Teutonic Knights: Poland
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Teutonic Knights' relationship with the Kingdom of Poland remained harmonious until the middle of the XVth century. However, on July 15th, 1410, after dissension arose between the two of them, a fierce battle began in Tannenberg, which the Knights lost. They had to give in the occidental part of Prussia and to accept Polish suzerainty on the rest of their territory.
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Ulrich Von Juningen, Hochmeister of the Teutonic Knights, bit his lips anxiously as he watched the scene before him. On the other side of a wide open plain, just ahead of a great forest bordering Lake Lubicz, the army of King Vladiskav of Poland waited. And it was huge.
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As the Teutonic Knights often killed Christian Poles in the process of conquest, a later Polish king fought them to a stand still at the battle of Tannenbaum in 1410 and ultimately defeated the Teutonic Knights in 1466. From that point onward, Royal Prussia (know as West Prussia after 1772) was nominally part of Poland and the Teutonic Knights were confined to the area of the Pruss. The latter area was known as Ducal Prussia or later as East Prussia.
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The capture of Danzig marked a new phase in the history of the Teutonic Knights. The persecution and abolition of the powerful Knights Templar which began in 1307 worried the Teutonic Knights, but control of Pomerelia allowed them to move their headquarters in 1309 from Venice to Marienburg (Malbork) on the Nogat River, outside of the reach of secular powers. The position of Prussian Landmeister was merged with that of the Grand Master. The Pope began investigating misconduct by the knights, but the Order was defended by able jurists. Along with the campaigns against the Lithuanians, the knights faced a vengeful Poland and legal threats from the Papacy.[14]
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Torun owes its origin and first years of development to the Teutonic Knights - German crusading military order. They were just Teutonic Knights who came to the lands by the lower Vistula River and immediately after crossing the River from Kuiavia to the Chelmno Land established their first fortified town. In 1233 they granted location document to it and named Torun (Thorun). That was their first fortress from where the pagan Prussians conquest and the powerful Teutonic Order state creating started. The relations between this state and Poland determined the image of central Europe for the next few centuries.
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The Teutonic Knights (officially, the German Order of the Cross) were one of the groups of Knights set up for the Crusades to the Holy Land. However, once set up they never fought there. Instead, the Prince Konrad of Poland around 1226 invited them to bring Christianity to the troublesome heathen Pruss people in the area of modern northwest Poland and Lithuania.
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