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Temperature: Thermometers
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Temperature is the average intensity of the thermal energy of an object. The lower limit of temperature is called absolute zero. The upper temperature limit is determined by the speed of light. Temperature is measured with a device called a thermometer that gives relative readings.
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Temperature is a degree of hotness or coldness the can be measured using a thermometer. It's ... a measure of how fast the atoms and molecules of a substance are moving. Temperature is measured in degrees on the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales.
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Temperature determines the direction of internal energy flow between two systems when heat is being transferred. This can be illustrated through an experience familiar to everyone: having one's temperature taken with a thermometer. If one has a fever, one's mouth will be warmer than the thermometer, and therefore heat will be transferred to the thermometer from the mouth until the two objects have the same temperature. At that point of thermal equilibrium, a temperature reading can be taken from the thermometer.
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Temperature measurement using modern scientific thermometers and temperature scales goes back at least as far as the early 18th century, when Gabriel Fahrenheit adapted a thermometer (switching to mercury) and a scale both developed by Ole Christensen Rømer. Fahrenheit's scale is still in use, alongside the Celsius scale and the kelvin scale.
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Temperature changes have to be measured in terms of other property changes of a substance. Thus, the conventional mercury thermometer measures the expansion of a mercury column in a glass capillary, the change in length of the column being related to the temperature change. If heat is added to an ideal gas contained in a constant-volume vessel, the pressure increases, and the temperature change can be determined from the pressure change by Gay-Lussac's law (see Gases), provided the temperature is expressed on the absolute scale.
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Temperature is measured with a thermometer. This is a device that records changes when subjected to varying temperatures. The most common thermometer measures the expansion of a liquid with the change in temperature.
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