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Teleological Argument
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With the fundamental premise of the Teleological Argument shown to be unconvincing it seems that Hume had succeeded in his purpose. But it was not enough, Hume wanted to further show that even if we accept, for the sake of argument, that there is a similarity between the natural world and man made artefacts, the argument would still not prove what its proponents want it to prove.
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According to Wildman, then, the teleological argument for divine action is not easily established. There is no unbroken chain of implications from apparent ends in nature to real ends to fundamental teleological principles to the modes of divine action. Additional premises are needed to connect the chain, and none of these is furnished by biological evolution. Moreover, there are profound teleological visions that are antagonistic toward divine action and are equally well supported by evolution. The failure of the teleological argument is located in its underlying metaphysical ambiguity. On the other hand, apparent purposes in nature are not incompatible with teleological theories of divine action; indeed, the implications run more smoothly in this direction.
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[W]hat is more, says Hume, the Teleological Argument can't even prove that God is perfect. Hume shows that perfection of the deity is not something which can be deduce from the analogy used in the argument:
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Answer: The Ontological argument is an argument based not on observation of the world (like the cosmological and teleological arguments) but rather from reason alone. Specifically, the Ontological argument reasons from the study of being (ontology). The first and most popular form goes back to St. Anselm in the 11th century A.D. He begins with stating that the concept of God is "a being than which no greater can be conceived." Since existence is possible, and to exist is greater than to not exist, then God must exist (if God did not exist then a greater being could be conceived, but that is self defeating—you can't have something greater than that which no greater can be conceived!). Therefore God must exist. Descartes did much the same thing only starting from the idea of a perfect being.
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Even less understood is the physical motivation behind the evolution of sleep (see: The teleological argument for sleep). An organism is more vulnerable while sleeping to predators, and it seems that there would be a strong selective pressure against falling asleep. So why did sleep evolve? Obviously for small endotherms (animals who need to produce body heat), the closer the body temperature is to the ambient temperature, the less energy they spend on heat generation. During periods of inactivity, reducing metabolism, especially at night helps save energy. For homeotherms, body temperature is maintained at all times.
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Immanuel Kant rejected not only the ontological argument but the teleological and cosmological arguments as well, based on his theory that reason is too limited to know anything beyond human experience. However, he did argue that religion could be established as presupposed by the workings of morality in the human mind ("practical reason"). God's existence is a necessary presupposition of there being any moral judgments that are objective, that go beyond mere relativistic moral preferences; such judgments require standards external to any human mind-that is, they presume God's mind.
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Teleological Argument