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Taxonomy
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Taxonomy is the area of the biological sciences devoted to the identification, naming, and classification of living things according to apparent common characteristics. It is far from a simple subject, particularly owing to many disputes over the rules for classifying plants and animals. In terms of real-life application, taxonomy, on the one hand, is related to the entire world of life on Earth, but on the other hand, it might seem an ivory-tower discipline that it has nothing to do with the lives of ordinary people. Nonetheless, to understand the very science of life, which is biology, it is essential to understand taxonomy. Each discipline has its own form of taxonomy: people cannot really grasp politics, for instance, without knowing such basics of political classification as the difference between a dictatorship and a democracy or a representative government and one with an absolute ruler. In the biological sciences, before one can begin to appreciate the many varieties of organisms on Earth, it is essential to comprehend the fundamental ideas about how those organisms are related—or, in areas of dispute, may be related—to one another.
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Taxonomy (sometimes called "systematics") is the science of classifying organisms. The Linnean system of classification, used for both plants and animals, was developed more than two centuries ago by the great Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (born Carl von Linné). It is a hierarchical system -- that is, each organism belongs to a series of ranked taxonomic categories, such as a subspecies, species, genus, family, etc. At any rank (level) in the hierarchy any organism can belong to only one taxon, or taxonomic group. For instance, the Yellow-rumped Warbler can be a member of only one genus and one class. Each taxon is given a formal, latinized name that is recognized by scientists around the world.
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The Taxonomy is more useful than the alphabetical index for studying the logical relationships between fallacies. To understand an individual fallacy, it may be helpful to move upward in the Taxonomy via the "Type" link, in order to understand the more general fallacy of which it is a subfallacy. Also, moving downward via the "Subfallacy" link can help in understanding a general fallacy through seeing a more specific version of it. Finally, moving sideways via the "Sibling" link can help to explain the nature of a fallacy by comparing it with a similar one of the same basic type. Some individual fallacies―such as Wishful Thinking―are found in more than one spot in the Taxonomy, which is because they are subfallacies of more than one type of fallacy.
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Taxonomy software is likely to be expensive, as initially it will be targeted at corporate enterprises. But as many portals and corporate intranet products begin incorporating a default element of content categorization, more entry-level 'personal' categorization tools will be available for users to download.
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In each of the three domains Bloom's Taxonomy is based on the premise that the categories are ordered in degree of difficulty. An important premise of Bloom's Taxonomy is that each category (or 'level') must be mastered before progressing to the next. As such the categories within each domain are levels of learning development, and these levels increase in difficulty.
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Taxonomy is organized in a tree structure, which represents the taxonomic lineage. The position of each node on a tree is determined by its rank in the taxonomy hierarchy, so that the last ranks (usually species or sub-species) represent the leaves on the tree's branches, and higher ranks like phylum, order and family are placed higher on the tree. The ordered list of the nodes forms the lineage.
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Taxonomy