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Symbolist Movement: Charles Baudelaire
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A sub-movement of Romanticism was the Symbolist movement. Most of its leading proponents were French: Mallarmé, Verlaine, Rimbaud, Baudelaire, Gautier, and Laforgue. Symbolism in literature was a complex movement that deliberately extended the evocative power of words to express the feelings, sensations and states of mind that lie beyond everyday awareness. Themes included the inner self -- especially a morbid fascination with the gap between imagination and reality, the realm of experience, the supernatural, and the connection -- or correspondences -- between images and the concepts they represent, including "synaesthesia" -- the correlation between senses. Rhetorical modes of comparison, either explicit (similes) or implicit (metaphors) are the chief literary devices, and the association between inner feelings and outer phenomena became the focus of the symbols used.
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Charles Guilloux, a modest employee at the Bibliothèque Nationale, was a self-taught artist placed in the Symbolist movement by the critics of the time. From 1891, his works were successfully received at exhibitions held by the Independent Artists Society, then, shortly afterwards, at the
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Discussions of Russian Symbolism usually emphasize the international nature of the Symbolist movement and its common goals and interests across cultures. But the fact is, many of these discussions of Symbolism in Russia tend to reference primarily one major "other" Symbolism -- the French tradition embodied in the works of Baudelaire, Verlaine, Mallarmé, Rimbaud, and several other French writers of the period.
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Charles Baudelaire