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Superconductivity
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Superconductivity is the flow of electric current without any resistance. It was first observed in 1911 at 4.2 K (-452° F), near absolute zero temperature by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. It is accompanied by magnetic phenomena. This guide lists information sources on this subject which are located in the collections of the Library of Congress.
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Superconductivity is an encyclopedic treatment of all aspects of the subject, from classic materials to fullerenes. Emphasis is on balanced coverage, with a comprehensive reference list and significant graphicsfrom all areas of the published literature. Widely used theoretical approaches are explained in detail. Topics of special interest include high temperature superconductors, spectroscopy, critical states, transport properties, and tunneling.
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The new AIP/APS Virtual Journal of Applications of Superconductivity is now available online (http://www.vjsuper.org). Edited by John R. Clem of Ames Laboratory-USDOE, Iowa State University, this semi-monthly online collection of articles will feature the latest developments on applications of superconductivity to electronics and large-scale systems; materials and properties important to applications are ... covered. Articles that appear in the Virtual Journal are selected from recent issues of nearly 50 participating source journals. The journals of AIP, APS and 11 other publishers are currently contributing source material to the AIP/APS series of Virtual Journals in Science and Technology (http://www.virtualjournals.org).
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Superconductivity occurs if electrons form pairs when a material is cooled. These pairs can join to form a collective quantum mechanical state that extends throughout a chunk of material and carries electric current with no resistance. In "traditional" superconductors like aluminum, this state forms at the same ultra low temperature as the electron pairs do. By contrast, the HTS materials show indications of pairs even near room temperature but become superconducting only at much lower temperatures (though still warm compared with traditional superconductors). One model proposes that pairing occurs only in narrow "stripes," while resistance-free electric current is blocked by intervening stripes of magnetism [1].
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Superconductivity was first discovered in 1911 by the Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, who observed no electrical resistance in mercury below 4.2 K (-269° C/-452° F). The phenomenon was better understood only after strong diamagnetism was detected in a superconductor by Karl W. Meissner and R. Ochsenfeld of Germany in 1933. The basic physics of superconductivity... was not understood until 1957, when the American physicists John Bardeen, Leon N. Cooper and John R. Schrieffer advanced the now celebrated BCS theory, for which the three were awarded the 1972 Nobel Prize for Physics. The theory describes superconductivity as a quantum phenomenon, in which the conduction electrons move in pairs and thus show no electrical resistance. In 1962 the British physicist Brian Josephson examined the quantum nature of superconductivity and proposed the existence of oscillations in the electric current flowing through two superconductors separated by a thin insulating layer in a magnetic or electric field. The effect, known as the Josephson effect, was subsequently confirmed by experiments.
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Superconductivity was first discovered in 1911 by the Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, who observed no electrical resistance in mercury below 4.2 K (–268.8° C/–451.8° F). The phenomenon was better understood only after strong diamagnetism was detected in a superconductor by Karl W. Meissner (1891–1959) and R. Ochsenfeld of Germany in 1933. The basic physics of superconductivity... was not realized until 1957, when the American physicists John Bardeen, Leon N. Cooper, and J. Robert Schrieffer advanced the now celebrated BCS theory, for which the three were awarded the 1972 Nobel Prize in physics. The theory describes superconductivity as a quantum phenomenon (see QUANTUM THEORY,), in which the conduction electrons move in pairs and thus show no electrical resistance. In 1962 the British physicist Brian D. Josephson (a Nobel laureate in physics, 1973, for his work in superconductivity) examined the quantum nature of superconductivity and proposed the existence of oscillations in the electric current flowing through two superconductors separated by a thin insulating layer in a magnetic or electric field. The effect, known as the JOSEPHSON EFFECT, (q.v.), subsequently was confirmed by experiments.
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