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Sudan: Countries
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Major topographical features of Sudan are the Nile River, its headstreams the White Nile and Blue Nile, and the tributaries of these rivers. The White Nile traverses the country from the Uganda border to a point near Khartoum, where it joins the Blue Nile to form the Nile proper. The Blue Nile rises in the Ethiopian Plateau and flows across east central Sudan. Of the Nile tributaries the most important is the ‘Aţbarah, which ... rises in the Ethiopian Plateau. The Libyan Desert, a barren waste broken by rugged uplands, covers most of Sudan west of the Nile proper. The Nubian Desert lies in the region east of the Nile proper and the ‘Aţbarah.
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The drought that affected Sudan in the 1980s was a natural disaster that had a crushing effect on the country's irrigation systems. In 1990-91, for instance, water was so scarce in the Tawkar area that for the first time in 100 years the crops failed.
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Sudan's limited industrial development consists of agricultural processing and various light industries located in Khartoum North. In recent years, the GIAD industrial complex introduced the assembly of small autos and trucks, and some heavy military equipment such as armored personnel carriers and the proposed "Bashir" main battle tank. Although Sudan is reputed to have great mineral resources, exploration has been quite limited, and the country's real potential is unknown. Small quantities of asbestos, chromium, and mica are exploited commercially.
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The Sufi Islam of Sudan, as exercised by a plethora of religious turuq [sects], resembles the popular version of the Islamic religion the bulk of Sudanese Muslims adopted since the advent of Islam in the country. There are a few historical records... that documented the origins of Sufi Islam in Sudan, notably the Tabaqat by Mohamed Wad Daif-Allah.
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Environmental issues for Sudan include the inadequate supplies of potable water. In addition, there are periodic persistent droughts. Land issues include soil erosion, and desertification. The country’s wildlife populations are threatened by excessive hunting.
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The Sudanese Federal Ministry of Health, UNICEF, and the World Health Organization (WHO) will launch massive polio immunization campaigns in all of Sudan on 23-25 October and again in November, following the re-introduction of poliovirus into the country from neighbouring Chad. Prior to the confirmed case, Sudan has been certified polio-free, with no cases reported since August 2005.
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