LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Species: Results
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The SPECIES program is a solution equilibrium model to teach concepts of ion activity and ion speciation as applied to soil solutions. The program is written as a spreadsheet file that may be used with Lotus 1-2-3 or compatible spreadsheet software. The spreadsheet format provides a user-friendly computer environment and leaves the computational portions of the program transparent to the user. Results are easily manipulated on screen, exported to disk, or output as hard copy using standard spreadsheet functions.
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Based on their general physical appearance, all clouded leopards were considered to belong to a single species. However, recent genetic analysis has shown that the ones found on Borneo are so different that they are best regarded as a separate species. DNA tests highlighted around 40 nucleotide differences between the two species. This is comparable to differences between the large Panthera species. Lions and leopards, for instance, have 56 nucleotide differences. The combined results of DNA analysis point to a 1-3 million year difference in separation, while the accepted distance of species is 1-2 million years.
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Other arguments have been mustered against species essentialism. Hull (1965) contends that species have vague boundaries and that such vagueness is incompatible with the existence of species specific essences. According to Hull, essentialist definitions of natural kinds require strict boundaries between those kinds. But the boundaries between species are vague. In all but a few cases, speciation is a long and gradual process such that there is no principled way to draw a precise boundary between one species and the next. As a result, species cannot be given essentialist definitions.
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The classification of species has been profoundly affected by technological advances that have allowed researchers to determine relatedness based on genetic markers. The results have been nothing short of revolutionary, resulting in the reordering of vast expanses of the phylogenetic tree (see ... molecular phylogeny).
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