LYCOS RETRIEVER
Spanish Inquisition: King Ferdinand
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The brutal Spanish Inquisition wanted to keep England occupied in order to conquer the entire New World. Their agent in England was Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic.
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The Spanish Inquisition was established in 1478 by Ferdinand and Isabella to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms and was under the direct control of the Spanish monarchy. It was not definitively abolished until 1834, during the reign of Isabel II.
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The Spanish Inquisition’s reign of terror was abolished by King Joseph Bonaparte in 1808. Reintroduced by FerdinandVII (1813-1833) in 1814 and approved by PiusVII (1800-1823), it was finally abolished by the revolution of 1820. Its last executions are said to have been a Jew burnt at the stake in 1826, and a Spanish Quaker schoolmaster hanged because he substituted the phrase “Praise be to God” for “Ave Maria” (Hail Mary) during school prayers.
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The Inquisition declined with the Spanish empire in the seventeenth century. As the tribunals pulled back from their ambitious program of vigilance, caseloads and revenue fell. The tribunals focused on cases of Portuguese conversos living in Spain, witchcraft and superstition, and censorship. In the eighteenth century the Inquisition could not stop the slow spread of Enlightenment ideas to Spain, and the country's intellectuals increasingly began to see the tribunals as out of step with the times. With the Napoleonic invasion of 1808, the courts were suppressed for the first time, at the hands of French officials and Spanish liberals. Conservative nationalists... fighting for independence and the return of Ferdinand VII (ruled 1808, 1814รข€“1833), claimed that the court was the guardian of Spanish identity and morals.
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The Spanish Inquisition was a legally constituted court decreed by Sixtus IV's Papal Bull and implemented under Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile beginning in 1478. As Christian European monarchs regained control of Spain from Muslim rulers, the Christian Monarchy gradually imposed and enforced certain legal restrictions on non-Catholics. Spaniards who were not Catholics were not allowed into any of the major professions. Similarly, non-Catholics were forbidden from civil service by royal decree. Other legal and property rights depended on being baptized as did entrance into schools and general social standing.
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The Spanish Inquisition was independent of the medieval Inquisition. It was established (1478) by Ferdinand and Isabella with the reluctant approval of Sixtus IV. One of the first and most notorious heads was Tomas de Torquemada. It was entirely controlled by the Spanish kings, and the pope's only hold over it was in naming the inquisitor general. The popes were never reconciled to the institution, which they regarded as usurping a church prerogative.
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