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Social Intelligence: People
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Social intelligence is one of the eight multiple intelligences proposed by Howard Gardner. It involves the interpersonal skills involved in creating and maintaining social relationships with other people. In highly interconnected, complex societies, these skills become quite important for survival and success.
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Social IQ is a measure of social intelligence compared to other people of their age. Like IQ, Social IQ is based on the "100 point" scale, in which 100 is the average score. Scores of 140 or above are considered to be very high.
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Although social intelligence has proved difficult for psychometricians to operationalize, it does appear to play a major role in people's naive, intuitive concepts of intelligence. Following up on earlier work by Rosch (1978), Cantor (Cantor & Mischel, 1979; Cantor, Smith, French, & Mezzich, 1980), and Neisser (1979), Sternberg and his colleagues asked subjects to list the behaviors which they considered characteristic of intelligence, academic intelligence, everyday intelligence, and unintelligence; two additional groups of subjects rated each of 250 behaviors from the first list in terms of how "characteristic" each was of the ideal person possessing each of the three forms of intelligence (Sternberg, Conway, Ketron, & Bernstein, 1981). Factor analysis of ratings provided by laypeople yielded a factor of "social competence" in each context. Prototypical behaviors reflecting social competence were:
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Psychotherapy often involves helping people to modify their patterns of social intelligence, particularly those that cause them problems in their interpersonal relations. Some efforts are ... underway to use computer-based interventions to help people develop their own social intelligence. Paul Ekman, for example, has created the MicroExpression Training Tool, to allow people to practice identifying the brief emotional expressions that flit across people’s faces. The website MindHabits.com offers a research-based software program with which people learn to modify their mind habits, focusing attention on positive social feedback and inhibiting attention to the social threats and rejections that can cause stress. Other interventions, for example to help autistic individuals develop social perception and interaction skills, are also in development.
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All prominent leaders get to where they are by having an exceptionally high social intelligence, getting ahead of others by putting themselves first. This is especially true for business leaders. By having no concern for the feelings of others and a complete disregard for any sense of social obligation, they are able to cut wages and hold off maternity leaves, boosting productivity and economic gain by the hundreds. With less social intelligence, they wouldn't understand how much employees needs and concerns affect the world surrounding them. With their insight, socially intelligent people protect the world from those who inhabit it.
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Goleman's discussion of social intelligence ranges from the biology of neuron formation to debates over prison construction. What connects them is his examination of the interplay between people. Goleman's intense interest is always audible. He is a living example of his points about emotional contagion and how pleasurable interaction makes learning easier. The pleasure and excitement in his voice make this complex subject seem more attractive than it might, and, to be frank, the easy, friendly delivery makes some of his points sound more convincing than they might be in print. This is most often the case when he summarizes points at the far reaches of his field or tackles issues that are emotionally explosive.
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