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Segregation in the U.S.
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The International Seminar on Segregation in the City took place at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy from July 26-28, 2001. The seminar, co-organized by the Institute's Department of Planning and Development and the Program on Latin America and the Caribbean, convened 34 researchers and policy analysts from 13 countries to discuss the forces behind urban spatial segregation, its consequences and possible policy responses. Participants papers were organized thematically in panels. Moderators led the panel discussions responding to questions posed by the seminar organizers and discussing points of convergence and divergence among the papers.
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The segregation of blacks in inner cities grew after World War II with the growth of suburban communities. The government endorsed discriminatory lending practices and further isolated blacks by building high-rise public housing buildings.
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Frederick Boal’s (School of Geography, Queen’s University, Belfast) work is informed by both the rich sociological literature on segregation and his own experience of living in the midst of the troubles between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland. Boal suggested that segregation was best understood as part of a spectrum that ranged from the extreme approach of ethnic cleansing to the more idealistic one of assimilation (see Figure 1). As with so many policy issues, segregation will not be solved by viewing it as a dichotomy but rather as a continuum of degrees or levels of separateness, each with different spatial manifestations.
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Geographically, residential segregation splits communities between the black inner city and white suburbs. This phenomenon is due to white flight where whites actively leave neighborhoods because of a black presence. There are more than just geographical consequences to this, as the money leaves and poverty grows, crime rates jump and businesses leave and follow the money. This creates a job shortage in segregated neighborhoods and perpetuates the economic inequality in the inner city. With the wealth and businesses gone from inner city areas the tax base decreases which hurts funding for education. Consequently those that can afford to leave the area for better schools leave decreasing the tax base for educational funding even more.
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The idea spread, too--"from sit-ins in restaurants to stand-ins at movies, kneel-ins at churches, wade-ins at beaches and a dozen different kinds of extralegal demonstrations against segregation," wrote historian Howard Zinn. By deliberately breaking "whites only" laws, the sit-ins forced the issue of segregation to a head.
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On January 12, mostly concerned ministers, labor leaders, lawyers, and activists got together and formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in an effort to gain information and strategy for ending segregation in their cities and towns. The meeting was held in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Dr. King was elected president, February 14, 1957.
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Segregation in the U.S.