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Segregation in the U.S.: Supreme Court
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Summary: In 1957, the eyes of America were on Little Rock, where the compulsory desegregation of Central High School was front-page news. But what about the broader picture? How successful had integration efforts in the South been in the three years following the Brown decision? This program, filmed in that year, brings together a panel of newsmen from the Southern Education Reporting Service to assess -- against the backdrop of anti-integration violence -- the overall progress being made in complying with the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling.
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Orfield draws on data on school segregation in the U.S. South to show that the percentage of black students in white schools increased from near zero levels to a high approaching 45% in the late 1980s. Following the indifference of the 1980s Reagan Administration and the hostility of the U.S. Supreme Court to desegregation policies, these trends reversed. See Figure 1.
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Segregation was ... pervasive in housing. State constitutions (for example, that of California) had clauses giving local jurisdictions the right to regulate where members of certain races could live. In 1917, the Supreme Court declared municipal resident segregation ordinances unconstitutional. In response, whites resorted to the restrictive covenant, a formal deed restriction binding white property owners in a given neighborhood not to sell to blacks. Whites who broke these agreements could be sued by "damaged" neighbors. [2] In the 1948 case of Shelley v. Kraemer, the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled that such covenants were unenforceable in a court of law.
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This first episode of six discusses the history of segregation in the U.S., focusing on the south, and the impact of the 1954 Supreme Court decision against segregation in Brown vs Board of Education. Highlighted is the Emmett Till murder case and Rosa Parks and the Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott.
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