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Second Punic War
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The Second Punic War was a turning point in Roman history, with profound implications for the Republic. The most immediate and obvious effect was the acquisition of empire: in the space of fifty years Rome had acquired most of the western Mediterranean. The Republic now had to adjust its finances, administration, foreign policy and alliance system to rule these new territories.
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After the Second Punic War, in 202 BC, Italy was a wreck. Hannibal's army had been marching up and down Italy wrecking things for more than ten years. All of the men had been away fighting in the war, and a lot of them had been killed, and others had decided to stay in Spain or in Africa. Not everyone wanted to go back to farming. Many men who did come back to their farms found that their farms had been ruined, or had been sold to rich aristocrats because they had not paid their taxes.
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After the conclusion of the Second Punic War, Rome had virtually no major enemies left. The Second Macedonian War resulted, as Rome invaded Greece to protect it from Philip V of Macedon, who had conquered several cities and appeared ready to seize all of Greece. In 197, the Romans were lead by Flamininus, a man more famous for his wisdom and judgement than for his military skill. Flamininus and Philip met at Cynoscephalae. On the morning of their battle, a thick fog covered the battlefield so that neither army could see the other. Both leaders sent out scouting parties which engaged other scouting parties in small skirmishes until the fog lifted.
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The Second Punic War, fought between Carthage and the Roman Republic from 218-202 BC, marked the end of major Carthaginian military opposition to Rome. The term "punic" comes from the Latin "poeni," which means "Phoenician" and refers to the Carthaginians. After the end of the First Punic War in 241 BC, Carthage decided to concentrate on controlling Spain to gain direct control over its mineral resources and to mount an army of the inhabitants to go against the Roman legions. This policy was started by the great leadership of Hamilcar Barca and continued under his son, Hannibal. In the Second Punic War, with his masterful war tactics, Hannibal wreaked havoc all over Italy under harsh conditions. No Roman commander was able to successfully match his army even though they mounted more numerous and experienced armies.
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Following the Second Punic War, Scipio Africanus served as Legate to his younger brother Lucius Cornelius Scipio during the war with Antiochus of Syria, first in Greece, and later in Asia Minor. Scipio Africanus fell ill during the invasion of Asia Minor and actual command of the army at Magnesia (189BCE), the final battle of the war with Antiochus, fell to Gnaeus Domitius. Despite this, Lucius Cornelius Scipio earned the honorific name of Asiaticus. The son of Lucius Aemilius Paulus was adopted by the eldest son of Scipio Africanus and took the name Publius Cornelius Scipio. His conduct of the final siege of Carthage in the Third Punic War earned him the honorific name of Scipio Africanus Minor, while his victories in Spain during the Numantine War (143-133BCE) earned him a second honorific “Numatinus”.
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The outbreak of the Second Punic War began when Hannibal moved north across Ebro to begin his historic march over the Alps. Before leaving Spain... Hannibal was well aware that Roman forces intended for him would try to meet him there. He secured Spain with an army of about 16,000 men under the command of Hasdrubal and took 80,000 infantry, 12,000 Numidian and Iberian cavalry and a number of elephants with him on his march.
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Second Punic War