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Scientific Method: Sciences
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The Scientific Method is a wonderful life skill to possess with uses beyond the area of science. Once children are practiced in conducting science experiments, they can move to solving real life problems with the method.
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Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge. It is based on and requires recordings which are observed, empirical, measured information, and subject to laws of reasoning. All this evidence is collectively called scientific evidence. The single limit of science is imposed by recordings. If something can not be recorded then it falls outside the realm of science because subsequent record can not be compared.
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The development of the scientific method is inseparable from the history of science itself. Ancient Egyptian documents, such as early papyri, describe methods of medical diagnosis. In ancient Greek culture, the method of empiricism was described. The first experimental scientific method was developed by Muslim scientists, who introduced the use of experimentation and quantification to distinguish between competing scientific theories set within a generally empirical orientation, which emerged with Alhacen's optical experiments in his Book of Optics (1021).[44][45] The modern scientific method crystallized no later than in the 17th and 18th centuries. In his work Novum Organum (1620) — a reference to Aristotle's Organon — Francis Bacon outlined a new system of logic to improve upon the old philosophical process of syllogism. Then, in 1637, René Descartes established the framework for a scientific method's guiding principles in his treatise, Discourse on Method.
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As the gateway to scientific thinking, an understanding of the scientific method is essential for success and productivity in science. This book is the first synthesis of the practice and the philosophy of the scientific method. It will enable scientists to be better scientists by offering them a deeper understanding of the underpinnings of the scientific method, thereby leading to more productive research and experimentation. It will ... give scientists a more accurate perspective on the rationality of the scientific approach and its role in society. Beginning with a discussion of today’s ‘science wars’ and science’s presuppositions, the book then explores deductive and inductive logic, probability, statistics, and parsimony, and concludes with an examination of science’s powers and limits, and a look at science education. Topics relevant to a variety of disciplines are treated, and clarifying figures, case studies, and chapter summaries enhance the pedagogy.
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The development of the scientific method is inseparable from the history of science itself. Ancient Egyptian documents, such as early papyri, describe methods of medical diagnosis. In ancient Greek culture, the first elements of the inductive scientific method clearly become well established. Significant progress in methodology was made in early Muslim philosophy, in particular using experiments to distinguish between competing scientific theories, along with the methods of citation, peer review and open inquiry, leading to the development of consensus, set within a generally empirical orientation. The fundamental tenets of the basic scientific method crystallized no later than the rise of the modern physical sciences, in the 17th and 18th centuries. In his work Novum Organum (1620) � a reference to Aristotle's Organon � Francis Bacon outlined a new system of logic to improve upon the old philosophical process of syllogism.
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This account of scientific method is designed to equally apply to both the physical and social sciences. Some naturalists have questioned the social sciences' very claim to scientific status, claiming that they have a similar yet distinct scientific methodology. Do the social sciences hypothesize about hidden entities like the physical sciences? Can the social sciences make and test predictions under experimental conditions like the physical sciences? If the answers to these questions are negative, then the social sciences use some other methodology besides the one presented here. However, this naturalist believes that the answers to these questions can be affirmative (regardless of the current status of the social sciences), for reasons impossible to explore here.
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