LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Russian Civil War: Red Army
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Czech prisoners-of-war, who had joined the Russian army after being captured from the Austrian army, joined the ranks of Kerensky, and it was these men who won Kerensky’s initial successes in the civil war. Knwon as the Czech Legion, they fought the Germans as a separate unit under the leadership of Masaryk until Brest-Litovsk ended that fighting. Trotsky gave them his agreement that they had his permission to travel through Russia to the Western Front so that they could continue their campaign against the Germans. The one proviso was that the Czechs had to leave their weapons behind. As soon as the first units of the Czechs surrendered their weapons, the Red Guards shot them. This was to prove a costly error as it was obvious that the other men could not trust what Trotsky had promised.
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The Russian Civil War was a civil war fought from 1918 to c.1921 between several groups in Russia. The main fighting was between two groups: the Red Army and the White Army. The Red Army was an army of communists. The White Army opposed the communists. Finally, the Red Army won this war. After this war, the communists established the Soviet Union in 1922.
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A Russian general who fought against the Bolsheviks in the 1918-1920 Civil War will be reburied with full military honors in Moscow. Vladimir Kappel, who died at the end of the war while his army was retreating under a Bolshevik onslaught in Russia's Far East, will be laid to rest in the Donskoy Monastery's cemetery - a year after the reburial there of another anti-Soviet general, Anton Denikin. Kappel's remains were discovered at a rundown Orthodox church cemetery in Harbin, a Chinese frontier city where tens of thousands of Russian emigres found refuge in the wake of the 1917 Bolshevik revolution.
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The stage was now set for the key year of the Civil War. The Bolshevik government was firmly in control of the core of Russia, from Petrograd through Moscow and south to Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd). Against this government in the east, Admiral Kolchak had a small army and had some control over the Trans-Siberian Railroad. In the south Cossacks armies controlled much of the Don and the Ukraine. In the Caucasus, General Denikin had established an army. In the newly independent country of Estonia General Yudenich was organizing an army.
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[D]uring the Civil War, Nestor Makhno lead a Ukrainian anarchist movement which generally cooperated with the Bolsheviks. However, a Bolshevik force under Mikhail Frunze destroyed the Makhnovist movement, when the Makhnovists refused to merge into the Red Army. In addition, the so-called "Green Army" (nationalists and anarchists) played a secondary role in the war, mainly in Ukraine.
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The civil war made a hero of Red Army leader Leon Trotsky, and this caused problems for Joseph Stalin in his campaign to lead the USSR after Lenin's death in 1924. Stalin had done little in the civil war, while Trotsky's status as a hero of the early revolution brought him many supporters. There followed an ideological struggle on the future of socialism, in which Stalin favoured establishing socialism in one country, while Lenin felt that world revolution was necessary. Gradually Stalin emerged as the dominant figure and Trotsky was expelled from the Soviet Communist Party in 1927, and exiled from the USSR in 1929. After defeating Trotsky, Stalin set about rewriting the history of the civil war. Trotsky's role was downgraded and his heroic status was systematically destroyed by Stalin's propaganda.
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