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Russian Civil War: Bolshevik Revolution
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The Russian Civil War was a very important internal conflict that took place between the Bolsheviks and their political opponents between 1918 and 1922. It began with the collapse of the Russian provisional government and ended with the Treaty of Riga. This internal conflict tore the country apart for four long and painful years as the people battled to determine who should have authority over Russia. However, the majority of the bloodshed occurred in the first two years of war.
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Against all odds the Russian Revolution fought off counter-revolution and foreign intervention for three years in a bloody civil war. Eighty years after that war’s conclusion it is still a battleground for revolutionary socialists. The conflict remains a favourite target for right wing attacks on the Russian Revolution, and is a major focus of left wing critics who imprint their ideological confusion in the aftermath of the collapse of Stalinism onto the revolutionary period. The policies associated with War Communism – ending workers’ control of the factories, requisitioning grain from the peasants and the constriction of democracy – are seen as the seedbed of forced industrialisation, collectivisation, the show trials and the gulag. foreshadow all the horrors of the Stalin period”. [1]
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The Russian Civil War (1917 - c.1926) was a decade-long internal conflict that was fought between Socialists and Tsarists. It spun off from the Russian Revolution that began during the Great War and left much of the country a wasteland. The Tsarists won when they defeated the last Socialist holdouts in Tsaritsin and confirmed Mikhail II, brother of the late Nicholas II, as Tsar.
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The Civil War had another legacy for the future of the Soviet State. To deal with the anarchy caused by the civil war itself, Lenin had to resort to a strengthening of the Bolshevik's dictatorial powers. All of this, of course, to the detriment of democratic elements. The new Soviet state, barely one year old, had to use the state police to suppress all opposition. As one historian has remarked, "the dictatorship of the proletariat gave way to the dictatorship of repression."
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The Russian Civil War (1917-1922/3) was a multi-sided international conflict that took place in Russia following the collapse of the Russian provisional government and the Bolshevik takeover of Petrograd (St. Petersburg). The conflict rapidly intensified after the dissolution of the Russian Constituent Assembly by the Bolsheviks in January 1918, and the Bolsheviks signing the Peace Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in March 1918.
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This early phase of the civil war ended with a spate of armed conflicts in Russian towns along the Volga in May and June 1918 between Bolshevik-run soviets (councils) and Czechoslovak legionnaires. Prisoners of war from the Austro-Hungarian armies, the legionnaires had agreed to be transported across Siberia and from there to the Western front in order to join the Allies in the fight to defeat the Central Powers. The Czechoslovaks' clash with the Soviet government emboldened the SR opposition to set up an anti-Bolshevik government, the Committee to Save the Constituent Assembly, Komuch, in the Volga city of Samara in June 1918. Many delegates elected to the Constituent Assembly congregated there before the city fell to the Bolsheviks that November. Meanwhile, the Bolsheviks expelled Mensheviks and SRs from local soviets, while the Kadets convened in the Siberian city of Omsk in June 1918 to establish a Provisional Siberian Government (PSG). The rivalry between Samara and Omsk resulted in the last attempt to form from below a national force to oppose Bolshevism, a state conference that met in Ufa in September and set up a five-member Directory after its French revolutionary namesake.
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Bolshevik Revolution