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Rosa Parks
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Rosa Parks was born Rosa Louise McCauley in Tuskegee, Alabama on February 4, 1913, to James McCauley and Leona Edwards, respectively a carpenter and a teacher, and was of African-American, Cherokee-Creek,[1][2] and Scots-Irish[3] ancestry. Rosa Parks's great grandfather was a Scotch-Irishman.[4] She was small, even for a child, and she suffered poor health and had chronic tonsillitis. When her parents separated, she moved with her mother to Pine Level, just outside Montgomery, Alabama. There she grew up on a farm with her maternal grandparents, mother, and younger brother Sylvester, and began her lifelong membership in the African Methodist Episcopal Church. She was homeschooled by her mother until she was eleven, then enrolled at the Industrial School for Girls in Montgomery where she took academic and vocational courses. Parks then went on to a laboratory school set up by the Alabama State Teachers College for Negroes for secondary education but was forced to drop out to care for her grandmother, and later for her mother, after they became ill.
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Rosa Parks is the woman known as the "Mother of the Civil Rights Movement." She earned this nickname after standing up to the racial and social injustices that were still taking place due to Jim Crow legislation in the south during the 1950s. Jim Crow made sure that schools, parks, playgrounds, restaurants, hotels, public transportation, theaters, restrooms, drinking fountains, and so on were all segregated, or racially separated. This meant that African Americans could only use facilities that were labeled "Colored Only." Parks grew up living with and taking care of her little brother, divorced mother, and elderly grandparents in Pine Level, Alabama. While living with her grandparents she attended the Montgomery Industrial School for Girls, Booker T. Washington High School, and Alabama State Teacher's College for Negroes for the tenth and eleventh grade, which were all-black schools.
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As Rosa Parks prepared to return to Alabama State Teacher’s College, her mother ... became ill, therefore, she continued to take care of their home and care for her mother while her brother, Sylvester, worked outside of the home. She received her high school diploma in 1934, after her marriage to Raymond Parks, December 18, 1932. Raymond, now deceased was born in Wedowee, Alabama, Randolph County, February 12, 1903, received little formal education due to racial segregation. He was a self-educated person with the assistance of his mother, Geri Parks. His immaculate dress and his thorough knowledge of domestic affairs and current events made most think he was college educated. He supported and encouraged Rosa’s desire to complete her formal education.
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On December 1st, 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man who was standing as all the ‘white’ seats had been taken. She was arrested and on December 5th, a boycott of the buses started that lasted for 381 days. The boycott only ended when shop keepers in Montgomery urged a settlement as their livelihoods were being ruined as so few African-Americans went into Montgomery to do any shopping. In 1956, the Supreme Court deemed that segregation on buses was unconstitutional. Along with the ‘Brown’ decision of 1954, this legal ruling is seen as being of great significance in civil rights history. Parks was given the title “Mother of the Civil Rights Movement” – though it is a title she is modest about.
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Rosa Parks Rosa Louise McCauley was born on February 4, 1913, in Tuskegee, Alabama to James and Leona McCauley. At age two her family moved to Pine Level, Alabama, to live with her maternal grandparents. Her mother, a school teacher, taught Rosa at home until age eleven when she moved to Montgomery to live with her aunt. She enrolled in a private school, the Montgomery Industrial School for Girls, where she cleaned classrooms to pay her tuition. Later she attended Booker T. Washington High School but was forced to leave to take care of her sick mother. In 1932 she married Raymond Parks, to whom she would remain married until his death in 1977.
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On the historical day of December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was tired and on her way home from a long day at work. With a bag of groceries in her arms, she boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus. Soon the "White Section" of the bus filled up and a white man boarded the bus and looked around for a seat. Due to Montgomery segregation laws, the bus drivers were to designate the front part of the bus for whites and the rear section for blacks, therefore creating an imaginary color line. However, they were not supposed to move the color line to the back of the bus and take seats away from blacks. Noticing the white man, the bus driver then yelled at four blacks, including Parks, to get up and move to the back of the bus.
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Rosa Parks