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Rosa Parks: Raymond Parks
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Rosa Parks was the granddaughter of former slaves and the daughter of James McCauley, a carpenter, and Leona McCauley, a rural schoolteacher. She grew up in Montgomery, Alabama, where she attended the all-black Alabama State College. In 1932 Parks married Raymond Parks, a barber.
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Rosa Parks served on the board of directors for the Montgomery Improvement Association, which later won a lawsuit to end segregation on buses on June 2, 1956. Rosa Parks’ arrest ... marked the beginning of the civil rights movement of the 1950s. When she couldn’t get a job, and her husband became ill, they moved to Detroit to live with her brother. Parks worked at Hampton Institute in Virginia for a year before returning to Detroit, where she worked as a seamstress. In 1965, she served as a staff assistant in the U.S. Representative John Conyers’ Detroit office. Raymond Parks died in 1977.
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Rosa Parks spends most of her year in Detroit but winters in Los Angeles. Her day is filled with reading mail,-"from students, politicians, and just regular people"-preparing meals, going to church, and visiting people in hospitals. She is still active in fighting racial injustices, now standing up for what she believes in and sharing her message with others. She and other members of the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self-Development have a special program called Pathways to Freedom, for young people age 11-18. Children in the program travel across the country tracing the Underground Railroad, visiting the scenes of critical events in the civil rights movement and learning aspects of America's history.
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"Mrs. Parks was born Rosa Louise McCauley, February 4, 1913 in Tuskegee, Alabama. She was the first child of James and Leona Edwards McCauley." In 1987, Parks established The Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute to carry on her work encouraging youth to "reach their highest potential." Visit the Institute web page for her biography, a time line of her life, and to learn about the Pathways to Freedom program that teaches the history of American civil rights.
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In 1932, Rosa married Raymond Parks, a barber from Montgomery, at her mother's house. Raymond was a member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), at the time collecting money to support the Scottsboro Boys, a group of black men falsely accused of raping two white women. After her marriage, Rosa took numerous jobs, ranging from domestic worker to hospital aide. At her husband's urging, she finished her high school studies in 1933, at a time when less than 7% of African Americans had a high school diploma. Despite the Jim Crow laws that made political participation by black people difficult, she succeeded in registering to vote on her third try.
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At twenty Rosa married a barber named Raymond Parks. The couple both held jobs and enjoyed a modest degree of prosperity. In her spare time, Mrs. Parks became active in the NAACP and the Montgomery Voters League, a group that helped blacks to pass a special test so they could register to vote. By the time she reached mid-life, Rosa Parks was no stranger to white intimidation. Like many other Southern blacks, she often boycotted the public facilities marked "Colored," walking up stairs rather than taking elevators, for instance. She had a special distaste for the city's public transportation, as did many of her fellow black citizens.
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