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Romanticism: Movements
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In Russia, the principal exponent of Romanticism is Alexander Pushkin. Mikhail Lermontov attempted to analyse and bring to light the deepest reasons for the Romantic idea of metaphysical discontent with society and self, and was much influenced by Lord Byron. The poet Fyodor Tyutchev was ... an important figure of the movement in Russia, and was heavily influenced by the German Romantics.
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Like the Enlightenment, Romanticism calls forth numerous counter-movements, like Realism, Impressionism, Neo-classicism, etc.; but like the Enlightenment, it ... keeps on going. None of these were entirely to replace the Romantic impulse. Hard-bitten naturalism in fiction and film coexists today with sweeping romanticism; there are large audiences for both. The contemporary vogue for "Victorian" designs is just one of many examples of the frequent revivals of Romantic tastes and styles that have recurred throughout the twentieth century.
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The influence of Romanticism on subsequent painting has been pervasive. A line can be traced from Constable through the Barbizon School to Impressionism, but a more direct descendant of Romanticism was the Symbolist Movement, which in various ways intensified or refined the Romantic Movement's characteristics of subjectivity, imagination, and strange, dream-like imagery. In the 20th century Expressionism and Surrealism have carried these tendencies still further. In a sense... virtually all modern art can be said to derive from Romanticism, for modern assumptions about the primacy of artistic freedom, originality, and self-expression in art were originally conceived by the Romantics in opposition to traditional classical principles of art.
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If the Enlightenment was a movement which started among a tiny elite and slowly spread to make its influence felt throughout society, Romanticism was more widespread both in its origins and influence. No other intellectual/artistic movement has had comparable variety, reach, and staying power since the end of the Middle Ages.
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Romanticism as a literary movement lasted from about 1789 to 1832 and marked a time when rigid ideas about the structure and purpose of society and the universe were breaking down. During this period, emphasis shifted to the importance of the individual’s experience in the world and his or her interpretation of that experience, rather than interpretations handed down by the church or tradition.
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Romanticism infiltrated the body politic as well. All major political ideologies and movements of the 20th century had romanticist roots, Nazism more than most. Communism touted the ideals of equality and justice while Nazism was a quasi-mythological interpretation of history. Still, both were highly romantic movements.
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