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Romanticism: Centuries
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In Roman Catholic countries, Romanticism was less pronounced than in Protestant Germany and Britain, and tended to develop later, after the rise of Napoleon. In France, Romanticism is associated with the 19th century, particularly in the paintings of Théodore Géricault and Eugene Delacroix, the plays and novels of Victor Hugo (such as Les Misérables and Ninety-Three), and the novels of Stendhal. The composer Hector Berlioz is ... important.
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Romanticism is an era in reaction to the excesses of restraint and the rule of law, and it is a definite change from the eighteenth century works--notice the very different valuation of the passions expressed. The writers read in this section are part of a value system that emphasizes
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In substituting men of concrete, individual lives for the ideal figures of tragic art, Romanticism was forced to determine their physiognomy by a host of local, casual details. In the name of universal truth the Classicists rejected the coloring of time and place; and this is precisely what the Romanticists seek under the name of particular reality. "We are just beginning to understand," says Victor Hugo, in his preface to Cromwell, "that the exact reproduction of locality is one of the first elements of Realism." Does this mean that our poets of the seventeenth century did not comprehend it? It was exactly from repugnance for the "real" that they paid so little attention to local color. With the Romanticists history takes possession of the theatre. The tragic poets of the seventeenth century had been moralists; those of the nineteenth century became historians.
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In general, the term "Romanticism" when applied to music has come to mean the period roughly from the 1820s until around 1900. The contemporary application of 'romantic' to music did not coincide with modern categories...: in 1810 E.T.A. Hoffmann called Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven the three "Romantic Composers", and Ludwig Spohr used the term "good Romantic style" to apply to parts of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony. Technically, Mozart is considered classical and by most standards Beethoven is the start of the musical Romantic period. By the early twentieth century, the sense that there had been a decisive break with the musical past led to the establishment of the nineteenth century as "The Romantic Era," and it is referred to as such in the standard encyclopedias of music.
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Politically, Romanticism has been associated with every view from liberalism to extreme authoritarianism. One of its essential manifestations in the nineteenth century involved the rejection of individualism and industrial society in favour of sympathy for the factory worker, as in the case of Coleridge.
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Romanticism reacted against the Enlightenment’s emphasis on the primacy of reason by emphasizing imagination and feeling, and seeking knowledge through intuition. Its prominent figures during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries included Johann Goethe in Germany and Samuel Coleridge, Lord Byron, Percy Shelley, and George MacDonald (who studied in Germany for some time) in Britain. The literary aspects of Romanticism involved certain philosophical writings and lifestyles along with occultism and occult practice. Their main themes included:
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