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Roman Republic: Roman Empire
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The Roman Republic was the phase of theancient Roman civilizationcharacterized by arepublicanform ofgovernment. The republican period began with the overthrow of theMonarchyc.509 BCand lasted over 450 years until itssubversion, through a series ofcivil wars, into thePrincipateform of government and the Imperial period. The precise event which signaled the transition of the Roman Republic into theRoman Empireis a matter of interpretation. Historians have proposed the appointment ofJulius Caesaras perpetual dictator (44 BC), theBattle of Actium(2 September31 BC), and theRoman Senate's grant ofOctavian's extraordinary powers under the first settlement (January 16,27 BC), as candidates for the defining pivotalevent.
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The Roman Republic was a phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a republican form of government. The republican period began with the overthrow of the Monarchy in 509 BC and lasted until its subversion, through a series of civil wars, into the Roman Empire. The precise date in which the Roman Republic changed into the Roman Empire is a matter of interpretation, with the dates of Julius Caesar's appointment as perpetual dictator (44 BC), the Battle of Actium (September 2, 31 BC), and the date which the Roman Senate granted Octavian the title "Augustus" (January 16, 27 BC), being some of the common choices.
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The Roman Republic expanded outwards from this single city state. Eventually its empire included all of the Italian peninsula, large parts of Gaul and Iberia, much of the Balkan Peninsula, parts of the Balkans, coastal regions of Asia Minor, part of the North African coastline, Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily.
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The Roman Republic was a country preceding the Roman Empire. It began in Italy but eventually spread through much of Asia, Europe, and North Africa. The Roman Republic is responsible for conquering the Kingdom of Cycae.
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Octavian’s victory over Antony made him master of Rome, but it did not resolve the conflicts that had destroyed the Roman Republic. His most pressing tasks included demobilizing the huge armies, safeguarding their future loyalty, and ensuring the safety of the European frontiers that Rome had neglected during long civil wars in the east. He ... needed to make the Italians an integral part of Roman social, cultural and political life. Rome had conquered people of various cultural and linguistic backgrounds who inhabited the Italian Peninsula and had only granted citizenship sparingly, causing some bitter feelings. Augustus worked to reduce class hostility and civil unrest in the capital and established an administrative apparatus to govern the empire. To accomplish these changes, he devised a new form of monarchy.
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The Roman Empire did not inherit a set bureaucracy from the Republic, since the Republic did not have any permanent governmental structures apart from the Senate. The Emperor appointed assistants and advisors, but the state lacked many institutions, such as centrally planned budget. This is cited by some historians as a significant reason for the Decline of the Roman Empire.
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