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Roman Empire: Eastern Roman Empire
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The Empire has been called by many names- -Greek, Byzantine, Lower (Bas-empire), Eastern (or East-Roman). All these have a certain justification as descriptions, but the only strictly correct name is Roman (as recognized in the title of Gibbon's work). The continuity from Augustus to Constantine XI. is unbroken; the emperor was always the Roman emperor; his subjects were always Romans (`PcoµaIoa: hence Romaic-Modern Greek). " Greek Empire " expresses the fact that the state became predominantly Greek in character, owing to the loss, first of the Latin provinces, afterwards of Syria and Egypt; and from the middle of the 6th century Greek became the official language. " Lower Empire " (Later is preferable) marks the great actual distinction in character between the development before Constantine (Haut-empire) and after his adoption of Christianity.
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The conquests of the empire gradually transformed the nature of Roman society. A principal reason for this transformation was that the very idea of "Roman" had changed as Rome's leaders extended citizenship to all Italians and to millions of provincials. It is hard to generalize about Roman society during the Roman Empire because the Roman population had become so diverse. People who valued Rome's traditions were not at all happy to discover that they shared their city with Easterners who spoke different languages and observed different customs. Others recognized that provincials brought different blood and a new vitality to Roman society that allowed it to survive for centuries.
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The eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire got extremely powerful under the rule of Justinian (527-565 A.D.) and this empire was the direct successor of the Roman Empire. However, several warfare, continuous territory losses and non-stop challenges from the migrating nations gradually weakened the Byzantine Empire and with the birth of Mohammed, a new power started gaining successive strength, the Islam, which in future was to shake the foundation of Byzantium.
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The land of Israel was at the far eastern end of the Roman Empire; it provided a land route to the breadbasket of the Nile delta. The region became a client kingdom of Rome under a series of puppet kings, the most famous of which was Herod the Great. After Herod's death, the land was ruled by four Tetrarchs. One of these Tetrachs, Herod Archelaus, was deposed by Rome in 6 AD. The Tetrachy of Archelaus included Judea, Samaria and Idumea. Renamed Iudaea Province, it came under the direct rule of the Roman Empire.
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Vespasian was a remarkably successful Roman general who had been given rule over much of the eastern part of the Roman Empire. He had supported the imperial claims of Galba; ... on his death, Vespasian became a major contender for the throne. After the suicide of Otho, Vespasian was able to hijack Rome's winter corn supply, placing him in a good position to defeat his remaining rival, Vitellius. On December 20, 69, some of Vespasian's partisans were able to occupy Rome. Vitellius was murdered by his own troops, and the next day, Vespasian was confirmed as Emperor by the Senate.
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Galerius died in May 311 leaving Maximinus sole ruler of the Eastern Roman Empire. Meanwhile Maxentius declared a war on Constantine under the pretext of avenging his executed father. He was among the casualties of the Battle of Milvian Bridge on October 28, 312. Constantine was promoted to Augustus.
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Eastern Roman Empire