LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Roma
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About 70% of housing units in Roma are owner-occupied. The city sports a large amount of seasonal housing, typically for vacation or part-time use. Housing in Roma tends to be newer construction. Typical rents in the city are affordable, at least compared to other cities in the state. Homeowners in Roma benefit from lower real estate taxes than most other cities in Texas.
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Roma's first professional manager was the Englishman William 'Billy' Garbutt, who had played on the right wing for Woolwich Arsenal (now Arsenal) from 1905 to 1908, scoring 14 goals in 58 appearances. Garbutt had been head coach at Genoa since 1912, apart from three years in the trenches in France during the First World War, before taking up the challenge with Roma in their inaugural season.
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By the 14th century, the Roma had reached the Balkans; by 1424 CE, Germany; and by the 16th century, Scotland and Sweden. Some Roma migrated from Persia through North Africa, reaching Europe via Spain in the 15th century. The two currents met in France. Roma began immigrating to the United States in colonial times, with small groups in Virginia and French Louisiana. Larger-scale immigration began in the 1860s, with groups of Romnichal from Britain. The largest number immigrated in the early 1900s, mainly from the Vlax group of Kalderash.
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The current issue of Roma Rights issue looks at the responses of Romani women to some of the human rights violations Romani women face. The Romani women's movement has evolved organically through the wider pursuit of Roma rights by Romani women and men over the years in response to the initial (and mostly continuing) lack of attention to women's issues on the part of the predominantly male "leaders"; some of whom viewed patriarchal traditions as integral components of Romani identity and culture. Romani women's first steps to speak out about their rights as women and to challenge the idea that certain practices are a part of Romani culture have often been met with criticism, rejection or have been simply ignored. The fact is that women's rights in all contexts tend to be a cause of controversy, but particularly when in juxtaposition with other characteristics such as race or ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation, etc. This issue provides a few examples of current Romani women's actions and reflections.
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The Roma were generally well received in Europe at first, but their unfamiliar customs and closed society soon aroused antagonism. In Spain the Roma enjoyed freedom under Muslim rule, but their situation changed after the Christian reconquest of that country in 1492. Between 1499 and 1783 the Spanish government enacted at least a dozen laws prohibiting Romani dress, language, and customs. In France the first official repression of Roma occurred in 1539 when they were expelled from Paris. In 1563 the Roma were commanded to leave England under the threat of death. Beginning in the 15th century, Hungarian and Romanian nobles, who needed laborers for their large estates, forced many Roma into slavery.
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Roma were enslaved for five centuries in Romania until abolition in 1864. Elsewhere in Europe, they were subject to ethnic cleansing, abduction of their children, and forced labor. During World War II, the Nazis murdered 200,000 to 800,000 Roma in an attempted genocide known as the Porajmos. They were marked for extermination and sentenced to forced labor and imprisonment in concentration camps. They were often killed on sight, especially by the Einsatzgruppen (essentially mobile killing units) on the Eastern Front.
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