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Robert Hooke: Works
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Robert Hooke was born in England in 1635, and died in 1703. He discovered Hooke's law of elasticity. He was known for his work in both physics and biology. He found out all living things are made of cells and how they impact physical characteristics.
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Hooke quickly developed the concept of using screw turns to measure angles in the remarkable quadrant that he described to the Royal Society in 1674. In this instrument, he attempted to avoid the problems of unequally drawn degrees on the scale of an astronomical instrument by cutting fine teeth into the brass edge of the quadrant. By rotating a precision tangent screw along these teeth, he hoped to be able to express degrees, minutes, and seconds in full and part turns of the screw. It was a brilliant and portentous idea and one of the earliest attempts to apply precision mechanics to astronomy. Unfortunately, like so many of Hooke's inventions, it went beyond the current skills of manufacture and failed to work properly. But one Hooke invention that was originally intended to form part of an astronomical instrument was his celebrated 'Universal Joint', which was devised to operate an adjusting arm of his Helioscope apparatus in 1676.
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While officially Hooke upheld the mechanists’ claim that all natural change is by contact action between material bodies in motion, he did in practice often allow matter to have intrinsically active powers such as gravity, congruity or incongruity, or sympathy. His studies of vibration and attraction owed much to music theory and to empirical traditions in natural magic (Gouk 1980; Henry, in Hunter and Schaffer 1989). Hooke continued working on light, cosmology, earthquakes and fossils, cartography, and meteorology. Often collaborating with a network of craftsmen and entrepreneurs, he designed and tested an array of instruments, including barometers and thermometers, clocks and marine chronometers, and telescopes.
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Hooke is best known to those who study elementary Physics through Hooke's Law: Ut tensio, sic vis. The extension of a spring is proportional to the weight hanging from it; this work sprang from Hooke's interest in flight and the spring or elasticity of air. This work appeared in De Potentia Restitutiva in 1678. His interest in gases and their properties ... found expression in his work on respiration; one experiment had him in a sealed vessel, from which the air was gradually pumped. He did not emerge from this experiment without some damage to his ears and nose.
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The artworks will be produced in time for Hooke 2003, a joint Gresham College and Royal Society international conference to be held at the Society on 7 and 8 July. Journalists will be able to meet the artists and see their work at a media briefing to be held at the Royal Society (6-9 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1) at 10.30am on Monday 7 July. The winner will be announced mid-afternoon on July 8 and the prize awarded at a reception at 6pm.
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In 1660, Hooke discovered the law of elasticity which bears his name and which describes the linear variation of tension with extension in an elastic spring. His work on elasticity culminated, for practical purposes, in his development of the balance spring or hairspring, which for the first time enabled a portable timepiece - a watch - to keep time with reasonable accuracy. A bitter dispute between Hooke and Christiaan Huygens on the priority of this invention was to continue for centuries after the death of both; but a note dated 12 June 1670 in the Hooke Folio (see External links below), describing a demonstration of a balance-controlled watch before the Royal Society, has been held to favour Hooke's claim.
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