LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Reformation: Catholic Counter-Reformation
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An obvious result of the Reformation was the division of Western Christendom into Protestant and Catholic areas. Another result was the development of national churches; these strengthened the growth of modern national states, just as, earlier, growing national consciousness had facilitated the development of the Reformation. The Catholic Counter-Reformation--including the founding of the Jesuits by Ignatius Loyola (sanctioned 1540), the Council of Trent (1545-63), the Inquisition, the Index, and reformed clergy like Charles Borromeo--gave new life to the old church and was in part a result of the Reformation movement. Finally, the Reformation introduced much radical change in thought and in ecclesiastical and political organization and ... began many of the trends that are taken to characterize the modern world.
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Born out of the Renaissance's critical thinking, Papal luxury and over a hundred years of festering religious argument, the Reformation shattered the ideals of Christian unity. The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 as a reaction to perceived abuses in the Catholic Church, while a Catholic counter-reformation emerged it the mid 16th century. Bitter division and war followed.
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The Jesuit order, established in 1534 by the Spanish officer Ignatius of Loyola was the leading force in the catholic counter-reformation. In Switzerland, the Counter-Reformation was put forward by Carlo Borromeo (1538 - 1584), a Jesuit and archbishop of Milan. On Borromeo's initiative, Lucerne provided a building where the Jesuits established a college in 1577. Baroque architecture with its monumental splendor reflects the recovery of catholic strength. The Jesuit church in Lucerne (picture to the left), erected from 1666 - 1677, is the first large baroque church in Switzerland.
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Catholic Counter-Reformation