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Quebec: Old Quebec
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The first French explorer to reach Quebec was Jacques Cartier, who planted a cross either in Gaspé in 1534 or at Old Fort Bay on the Lower North Shore. He sailed into the St. Lawrence River in 1535 and established an ill-fated colony near present-day Quebec City at the site of Stadacona, an Iroquoian village.
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Quebec is both the oldest and the largest of Canada's 10 provinces. It is a rich province, with a distinctive culture that has evolved from the mingling of French and English heritages. The vast natural resources of La Belle Province, some still unexploited, have provided the base that enables Quebec to yield about one fifth of Canada's gross national product.
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The government of Quebec has its offices in the capital, Quebec City, one of the oldest cities in North America. The largest city in Quebec, and the second-largest city in Canada, is Montreal.
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Sixty percent of the Quebec electorate voted against the proposition. Polls showed that the overwhelming majority of English and immigrant Quebecers voted against, and that French Quebecers were almost equally divided, with older voters less in favour, and younger voters more in favour. After his loss in the referendum, Lévesque went back to Ottawa to start negotiating a new constitution with Trudeau, his minister of Justice Jean Chrétien and the nine other provincial premiers. Lévesque insisted Quebec be able to veto any future constitutional amendments. The negotiations quickly reached a stand-still.
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Each of Quebec's two oldest universities flies an armorial banner based from the arms its eponym. In 1922, McGill University received arms derived from those which had been granted posthumously to its founder, James McGill. The red and white armorial banner of the university displays three martlets, a mythical bird which, lacking feet, is portrayed in motion. The crowns bearing fleurs-de-lis are a reference to both the city's royal name and its French nature, while the open book is the heraldic symbol of an institution of learning.
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Located some 800 km north of Boston, Quebec City is the only walled city in North America and the oldest city north of the Mexican border. Founded in 1608, the city is renowned for its European charm and magnificent scenery which attract tourists from around the world. Quebec City has been designated a world heritage site by UNESCO.
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