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Quantum Theory: Albert Einstein
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Quantum theory, modern physical theory that holds that energy and some other physical properties often exist in tiny, discrete amounts. The older theories of classical physics assumed that these properties could vary continuously. Quantum theory and the theory of Relativity together form the theoretical basis of modern physics. The first contribution to quantum theory was the explanation of blackbody radiation in 1900 by Max Planck, who proposed that the energies of any harmonic oscillator are restricted to certain values, each of which is an integral multiple of a basic minimum value. The energy E of this basic quantum is directly proportional to the frequency n of the oscillator; ... E = hn, where Planck's constant h is equal to 6.63 x 10-34 J-sec. In 1905 Albert Einstein, in order to explain the Photoelectric Effect, proposed that radiation itself is also quantized and consists of light quanta, or Photons, that behave like particles.
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Quantum theory was developed principally over a period of thirty years. The first contribution was the explanation of blackbody radiation in 1900 by Max Planck, who proposed that the energies of any harmonic oscillator, such as the atoms of a blackbody radiator, are restricted to certain values, each of which is an integral (whole number) multiple of a basic minimum value. In 1905 Albert Einstein proposed that the radiation itself is ... quantized, and he used the new theory to explain the Photoelectric Effect. Niels Bohr used the quantum theory in 1913 to explain both atomic structure and atomic spectra, showing the connection between the energy levels of an atom's electrons and the frequencies of light given off and absorbed by the atom. Quantum mechanics, the final mathematical formulation of the quantum theory, was developed during the 1920s. In 1924 Louis de Broglie proposed that particles exhibit wavelike properties.
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GILBERTS, Ill., June 5 /PRNewswire/ -- David Thomson and Jim Bourassa of the Quantum AetherDynamics Institute (QADI) released a new theory which mathematically predicts and explains the measured values of physics with striking precision. Their Aether Physics Model includes the "Holy Grail" of physics sought by Albert Einstein: the Unified Force Theory. "Our model shows the forces are unified by a simple set of general laws explainable as the fabric of space-time itself, which is a dynamic, quantum-scale Aether," said Bourassa.
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Ryder’s Quantum Field Theory ... contains supersymmetry unification speculations and is available on Amazon here. Kaku has a book on the subject here, Weinberg has one here, Peskin and Schroeder's is here, while Einstein's scientific biographer, the physicist Pais, has a history of the subject here. Baez, Segal and Zhou have an algebraic quantum field theory approach available on http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/bsz.html, while Dr Peter Woit has a link to handwritten quantum field theory lecture notes from Sidney Coleman's course which is widely recommended, here. For background on representation theory and the Standard Model see Woit's page here for maths background and also his detailed suggestion, http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0206135. For some discussion of quantum field theory equations without the interaction picture, polarization, or renormalization of charges due to a physical basis in pair production cutoffs at suitable energy scales, see Dr Chris Oakley's page http://www.cgoakley.demon.co.uk/qft/:
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Einstein's early contributions to quantum theory include his heuristic suggestion that light behaves as if it is composed of photons, and his exploration of the quantum structure of the mechanical energies of particles embedded in matter. In 1909, he introduced what was later called the wave-particle duality, the idea that the wave theory of light had to be supplemented by an equally valid yet contradictory quantum theory of light as discrete particles. Many of Einstein's quantum ideas were incorporated into a new model of the atom developed by the Danish physicist Niels Bohr in the first decades of the century. Bohr explained that electrons occupy only certain well-defined orbits around a dense nucleus of protons and neutrons. He showed that by absorbing a discrete quantum of energy, an electron can jump from one orbit to another. In 1916, Einstein found that he could explain Max Planck's blackbody spectrum in terms of the interaction of photons with the new Bohr atoms.
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By the mid 1930s, Einstein had accepted quantum mechanics as a consistent theory for the statistics of the behavior of atoms. He recognized that it was "the most successful physical theory of our time." This theory, which he had helped to create, could explain nearly all the physical phenomena of the everyday world. Eventually the applications would include transistors, lasers, a new chemistry, and more. Yet Einstein could not accept quantum mechanics as a completed theory, for its mathematics did not describe individual events. Einstein felt that a more basic theory, one that could completely describe how each individual atom behaved, might yet be found.
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