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Pueblo Indians: New Mexico
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Long before the European explorers and settlers reached this nation, the Pueblo Indians existed in a well-developed and complex civilization in what is now New Mexico. The Pueblo Indians were peaceful tribes living in a primitive urban environment. The word Pueblo is Spanish for village and is in fact what these peace-loving Native Americans developed.
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In 1539, Estebanico the Black, an African from Azemmour, Morocco, was the first Old World visitor to enter the land of the Pueblo Indians. He arrived at Zuni Pueblo (present-day New Mexico) where he was killed. A year later, the army of Francisco Vasquéz de Coronado explored New Mexico. Coronado killed Indians and burned and plundered several Rio Grande Pueblos. Between 1581 and 1590, several Spanish explorers and missionaries temporarily entered New Mexico, but their presence often resulted in mistrust and violence.
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The fifth graders at Travilah created storyteller dolls fashioned after the traditional clay figurines made by the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. These figures represent the honored tradition of story telling among Native Americans. The first contemporary storyteller doll (1964) was made by Helen Cordero of the Cochiti Pueblo in honor of her grandfather Santiago Quintana, a storyteller. The clay figurine showed a man with five children on his lap and shoulders. This doll was patterned after an existing "singing mother" figurine.
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Poor academic achievement and extremely high drop-out rates among Pueblo Indian students reflect the educational neglect of Pueblo students by public schools. The poor academic achievement is evidenced by low test scores on the Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills (CTBS: see Note 12). Composite CTBS scores for twelfth grade Pueblo students in three New Mexico school districts show that graduating Pueblo seniors are performing far below grade level. The average grade equivalency is 8.5, a level which many institutions consider functionally illiterate. The drop-out rate for Pueblo high school students is extremely high. It appears that language difficulty is a major factor in the drop-out rate of Pueblo students.
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Pueblo Indians (Spanish pueblo, village), American Indians living in compact, apartmentlike villages of stone or adobe in northwestern New Mexico and northeastern Arizona. They belong to four distinct linguistic groups, but the cultures of the different villages are closely related.
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The Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument, located in Central New Mexico, includes ruins of the Pueblo Indian villages of Quarai, Abó, and Gran Quivira (Las Humanas) as well as the associated mission complexes established by the Spanish in the 17th century. The Pueblo Indians of the Salinas Valley area were descendants of two ancient southwestern cultures, the Anasazi and the Mogollon. From about 1000 to the 1600s, these three villages operated as major regional centers of trade with Indians from the Plains, the Pacific Coast, and the Great Basin. Inhabitants traded agricultural products such as maize, piñon nuts, beans, squash, salt, and cotton goods for dried buffalo meats, hides, flints, and shells. By the 17th century, the Salinas Valley was one of the most populous parts of the Pueblo world.
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