LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Proton
built 606 days ago
Note that the six structures around the base of the Proton are not strap-on boosters, and do not detach from the core structure. There is a central oxidizer tank, and the six units are outrigger fuel tanks. This entire assembly forms the first stage, which separates as one piece from the second stage at the lattice structure. The Soviet hierarchy requested that Proton components be built in facilities near Moscow, then transported by rail to the final assembly point near the pad. Rail limited the widths to approximately 4.5 meters, hence the diameters of the upper stages. At the assembly hall, the first-stage oxygen tank is loaded into a giant "rotisserie".
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The Proton Prisma deployment in Norway is one more in an ever growing list of ongoing Proton Prisma projects. Existing projects are in Belgium, The Netherlands, Sweden, the Czech Republic and Poland.
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The Proton launch vehicle has a long history of outstanding reliability. From its first operational launch in 1970 to the present day, Proton has averaged a 92.5% success rate. Today, the Proton launch vehicle has a 92% (moving average) success rate over its last 50 launches.
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To make the Proton powerful enough to carry moon-ship prototypes, the Soviet designers took a page from their western counterparts design books. Like the American Titan 3-C and Saturn 1 and 1-B, the Russians lashed together several boosters and engines in clusters to form their heavy-lifting first stage. Like the American Saturns, the Proton booster would use only liquid fuels, and like the American Titans, those liquid fuels would be storable at room temperature. That would allow the big rocket to be held in readiness for a rapid blastoff command, or to be available for space missions when a wide range of temperatures washed over the launch site at the Baikonur Cosmodrome.
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The Block DM fourth stage of the Proton was developed independently during the 1960s as the fifth stage of the Russian manned lunar launch vehicle, the N1-L3. It was originally known in Russia as the Block D ("block" is the common translation of the Russian word denoting a rocket "stage", while "D" is the fifth letter in the Russian alphabet). The vehicle was upgraded during the 1970s to the current Block DM (modernized) version. The Proton model numbers D, D-1, D-1-e, SL-13, and SL-12 are the designations currently in common use in the United States, with the D numbers having been applied by the Library of Congress and the SL numbers originating with the U.S. Department of Defense.
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Proton Therapy was first proposed in 1954, but primarily had been available for very limited use. There was no hospital-based treatment centers in the world until the Proton Treatment Center opened in 1990 at Loma Linda University Medical Center. Most radiation oncologists know about proton therapy, but have not had experience working with the proton technology, making it difficult for them to advise patients on this form of treatment. But the benefits of proton treatment are expanding to other regions of the USA, including the southwest, midwest, southeast, and mid-atlantic.
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