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Progressivism: United States
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Progressivism in California was a microcosm of progressive trends in the United States. The Southern Pacific Railroad was a model corporate bogey-man, San Francisco a hotbed of graft and vice, and Los Angeles was a battleground between bitter corporate elite and organized labor. Such problems called for an especially energetic progressive response and ... in no other state was progressive reform as organized and politicized as it was in California.
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It is in [T]he realm of ideas that the identity of Progressivism is least in doubt. In the early twentieth century a number of writers and publicists devoted considerable critical attention to the consequences and concomitants of the sort of capitalist economic development the United States was experiencing. Though the particular ills diagnosed and remedies prescribed varied from writer to writer, there was sufficient agreement for them to be regarded as exponents of a common body of thought, and their writings provide the best means of defining what Progressivism meant at the time.
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That Progressivism ultimately led to the Great Depression should be obvious. Not surprisingly, Franklin Roosevelt chose to expand the powers of the state. Not surprisingly, his actions prolonged the depression. And, not surprisingly, the Progressivist propaganda machine was able to convince the public that the solution lay not in elimination of government intervention, but rather in further expansion of government.
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Progressivism, on the other hand, is far more flexible than any one ideology. Traditionally, conservatives see the world, especially human nature, as predictable and static. Liberals are often burdened with endless optimism – a belief that all problems can be solved through implementing utopian visions (especially through government intervention).
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Without Progressivism, the New Deal would and never could have come into existence. The vast expansion of the state apparatus that occurred during the 1930s moved along tracks already laid by politicians like Teddy Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson. By the mid-1930s, the New Deal, far from being a legislative aberration, naturally followed the economic crisis that Progressivism had caused.
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An assassin’s bullet brought Progressivism to the federal arena. On September 6, 1901, President William McKinley, a conservative Republican with strong ties to the industrial giants of his age, was shot and fatally wounded by Leon Czolgosz at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. After lingering for a few days, McKinley died and Theodore Roosevelt became the next president of the United States. Roosevelt received the news of McKinley’s declining condition during a hunting trip in the Adirondack Mountains--a portentous setting, given that his administration would do more to save the wilderness areas of North America than any presidency before or since.
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