LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Probiotics: Products
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Probiotics are available in various dosage forms, such as capsules, tablets, and powders. Overall, it was very surprising to see the lack of selection and availability of probiotic products in the Canadian retail market. Only three major brand labels were found at the national pharmaceutical chains and two at the NHP retailers. The NHP independent merchandiser stocked two of the national brands and one local label.
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Kibow is a ten-year-old biotech company focused on the development of innovative probiotics and prebiotics that help slow disease progression and improve patients' quality of life. Kibow has currently developed three types of probiotic products: Kibow Biotics® for kidney failure patients, Kibow Flora™ for Metabolic Syndrome, and a veterinary formulation for kidney failure companion animals. Kibow's most advanced product, the veterinary formulation of Kibow Biotics is marketed in the US and in Canada under the name of Azodyl™ by Vetoquinol US. Newly introduced, Kibow Flora™ is available on-line from Kibow. Kibow Biotics® is in an ongoing, five-country clinical trial.
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Not all probiotics are created equal. Bacterial preparations, direct-fed microbials... referred to as probiotics or lactobacillus are widely available commercially. It is important to recognize and choose the right product. Some probiotics are not effective on birds. Many bacterial preparations are harvested from the gut flora of mammals such as swine or cattle and show little benefit when used on parrots. These microbial products may have the same name as those that are found in birds but---can prove ineffective if non species-specific.
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Dietary sources of probiotics are usually found in dairy products. Yogurt, for example, contains intestinal species of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, two groups of probiotic bacteria. Gastric survival rates of probiotics are estimated at 20 to 40 percent, with the main obstacles to survival being gastric acidity and the action of bile salts. Investigations into different modes of administering probiotics may expand their applications in functional foods.
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The team reasoned that the beneficial, anti-inflammatory activities seen with the inactivated probiotics could be the product of the innate immune system, the body's instant response to invasion by pathogens. Specifically, the researchers looked at molecules called toll-like receptors (TLR) that are known to respond to a variety of signature microbial molecules. In order to determine which TLR responded to probiotics, the team administered a chemical called chloroquine to mice deficient with several different TLRs. Chloroquine had recently been demonstrated to inhibit TLR9 activation, and it was only in the TLR9-deficient mice that the probiotics were ineffective in alleviating colitis.
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Defining dosage levels and maintaining viability in various delivery systems are an important research focus as probiotics are adversely affected by light, heat, oxygen and moisture. It was noted by one researcher that probiotic function is enhanced if consumed in a food environment, particularly within a dairy product. Dairy products provide an ideal medium in which these organisms can grow. However, with NHPs, determining whether or not the bioavailability of probiotics (that is, will they be alive once in the intestine and will they maintain viability) is an important research area. Protecting probiotics against stomach acidity to optimize survival and improving shelf stability are research areas in those laboratories that work closely with the industry.
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