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Postmodernism
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Like Modernism, Postmodernism is an international language finding expression in much of the industrialized world including Europe, Scandinavia, the Far East—particularly Japan—and Australia. Catering for the new breed of design-conscious consumers keen to purchase affordable status symbols for the domestic environment were widely recognized companies such as Alessi, Ajeto, FSB (Franz Schneider Brakel), Källemo, Knoll, Swatch, Swid-Powell and WMF (Württembergische Metallwarenfabrik). The heightened media preoccupation with design in the years in which Postmodernism emerged led to considerably increased emphasis on the cult of the designer celebrity. In addition to the designers mentioned earlier, other well-known designers associated with Postmodernism include Andrea Branzi, Frank Gehry, Michael Graves, Hans Hollein, Toshiyuki Kita, Danny Lane, Javier Mariscal, Borek SÃpek, Philippe Starck, Matteo Thun, and Stanley Tigerman.
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In Postmodernism, by contrast, there are no real foundations of truth, for there is no truth, except what the group decides is truth. Postmodernism is preference, and truth is a social construct to be eliminated. Language is a text, as is the self, and both are to be deconstructed by emptying them of any real values in themselves. Truth and persons are given value only as the group values them. The group is sacred and assumes the role of the self. Where modernism was objective and gave rise to the will to reason, Postmodernism results in the will to power.
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Postmodernism had specific references to the visual arts and redefined trends in painting and architecture. In the 1960s the reign of modernism in painting weakened. Nonrepresentational forms, of which the most often highlighted was abstract expressionism, gave way to stark contrasts, as in pop art. New styles proliferated: photo-realism, pattern and decorative art, high-tech art. Although some new genres—such as feminist and performance art—often suggested a subversive intent, generally commentators saw that postmodernism took painting away from the critical edge and alienated mood of modernism. They found in the newer varieties a relaxed posture.
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"Postmodernism has many meanings and many names. Whatever it actually means depends on different cultures and different individuals. That explains enough the current American situation, as well as the general condition in developed countries. * * * Can biblical scholars and religious leaders ever be clever enough to be aware of, and respond to, the lived existence of ordinary believers? This article offers no definitive answers-- [it] only attempts to orchestrate the problems."
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Postmodernism first appeared as artists struggled to rid themselves of high art, and of notions of the artist as genius. In literature, ideas about the meaning of texts changed as a result of postmodernism (deconstructionism). In science, postmodernism led to questions about the validity of data in relationship to the collector of these data. Such questions then led to the positing of multiple realities, realities constructed by scientists themselves. Further, those realities could be sub-divided by the gender, race, ethnicity, or culture of the scientist. In other words, postmodernist accounts of science state that reality is inseparable from the discoverer or constructor of that reality.
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The movement of Postmodernism began with architecture, as a reactionary movement against the perceived blandness and hostility present in the Modern movement. Modern Architecture as established and developed by masters such as Walter Gropius and Philip Johnson was focused on the pursuit of an ideal perfection, harmony of form and function[11] and dismissal of frivolous ornament[12] Critics of modernism argued that the attributes of perfection and minimalism themselves were subjective, and pointed out anachronisms in modern thought and questioned the benefits of its philosophy.[13] Definitive postmodern architecture such as the work of Michael Graves rejects the notion of a 'pure' form or 'perfect' architectonic detail, instead conspicuously drawing from all methods, materials, forms and colors available to architects. Postmodern architecture began the reaction against the almost totalitarian qualities of Modernist thought, favoring personal preferences and variety over objective, ultimate truths or principles. It is this atmosphere of criticism, skepticism and subjectivity that defines the postmodern philosophy.
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