LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Popes: Boniface Viii
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A unique approach to the study of Church history, through the prism of ten holy Popes who saved the Church during great crises for Christendom. Included are the two "Greats," Leo I and Gregory I, the reformer, Gregory VII, the intrepid Boniface VIII, and the last Saint Pope, Pius X. The doctrine of the "two swords"of Christendom and the Monarchical nature of the Papacy are given special prominence.
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Throughout this period of open hatred to heretics and infidels, the popes never forget about their tradition of treachery and deception. The way in which Pope Boniface VIII (in office 1294-1303) came into and held on to the papal office is a case to point. It was Boniface, then Cardinal Benedetto Caetani, who wrongly advised, perhaps purposely, the tired pope, Celestine V (in office 1294), that his intentions to abdicate were legal and had precedent. It was ... Benedetto who drafted the abdication formula for Celestine. When Celestine abdicated, Benedetto conveniently became pope and took the name of Boniface VIII. Concerned that Celestine's abdication may be illegal, and his own position as pope declared null, Boniface did the Christian thing: he had his predecessor imprisoned in a cell in the castle of Fumone.
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Castelgandolfo, splendidly situated high above the Lake of Albano, came into possession of the popes in 1596. Pope Urbanus VIII erected a large Papal palace and Castelgandolfo became (and still is) a favourite summer resort of the popes. The access to the central square is controlled by this elegant XVIIIth century gate with the coat of arms of Pope Clemens XII.
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People might assume that the numbering and listing of popes would be simple and obvious, but that isn’t always the case. There have been several names used multiple times over the years: Benedict, Alexander, Boniface, Paul, Clement, Urban, and Gregory to name a few. In two series, though, there are discrepancies and not everyone agrees on who gets what number.
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Boniface Viii